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On October 17, 2005, the FDA sent out warning letters to cherry growers insisting that they cease making substantiated health claims that specific chemicals found in cherries could reduce pain and inflammation.1,2

The FDA wanted cherry growers to stop citing published scientific studies showing that cherries are packed with unique anthocyanins and other compounds that naturally mediate the inflammatory process.3-6 These compounds deliver comparable anti-inflammatory activity to ibuprofen (Advil®) and naproxen (Aleve®)7—but without the significant side effects!

Standard treatment for muscle pain and inflammation has been with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. With over 111 million prescriptions and accounting for around 60% of over-the-counter pain reliever sales in the USA alone, these are some of the most commonly used types of medications.8 But because they can have deadly side effects, including gastric bleeding, heart attack, and kidney failure, the search for natural agents that could prove more beneficial and safer has gained increased attention.9,10

The compounds found in cherries modulate numerous pathways to protect against other conditions associated with inflammation—including cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and Alzheimer’s disease.11-14 For example, tart cherry constituents can switch critical genes off and on;15,16 modulate cell-signaling molecules like tumor necrosis factor;17 and target multiple cardiovascular factors—producing, in one study model, an astounding 65% reduction in early mortality!18

In this article, you will learn of the multiple benefits found in cherries that the FDA did not want to be publicized.

Broad-Spectrum Tart Cherry Compounds

One of nature’s most potent classes of flavonoids is anthocyanins. These powerhouse nutrients are responsible for the deep colors in some berries, fruits, and vegetables. Naturally, like other anthocyanin-rich foods, tart cherries deliver substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.3-6

But tart cherries are superior because they provide high levels of some novel anthocyanins that are absent from a number of other anthocyanin-rich foods, such as blueberries or bilberries!7

Also, the unique composition of tart cherries goes far beyond anthocyanins.

In fact, tart cherries were shown to contain much higher amounts of total phenolics than even their nutritious cousins, sweet cherries.19 Aside from a greater abundance of anthocyanins, tart cherries also deliver a cast of supporting compounds.

Tart cherries were ranked 14th among the top 50 foods for highest antioxidant content per serving—surpassing such well-known antioxidant sources as red wine and dark chocolate.20

This complex profile prompted researchers to investigate what turned out to be numerous biochemical pathways modulated by tart cherry compounds.3-7,12,21-26

The range of activity was breathtaking. Here’s a partial sampling: bioactive compounds found in tart cherries beneficially inhibit certain enzymes5,7 while boosting others,12,21,22 switch-on cancer defenses,23,24 down-regulate glucose,25 and enhance primary antioxidants.26 We’ll examine this multi-potent network of underlying mechanisms later.

But first, let’s learn about their resulting impact on degenerative conditions—starting with muscle inflammation.



Muscle Protection

High-intensity or prolonged physical activity of any kind typically causes muscle damage, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, and pain.27-29

As people age, muscle mass and strength tend to decrease, in a process called sarcopenia.30 Although exercise can help overcome this process, post-exercise pain and loss of strength tend to last much longer.

The observed anti-inflammatory benefits of tart cherries prompted researchers to investigate whether they could be used to protect muscles, lower pain, and accelerate muscle repair.

Research demonstrated that orally administered anthocyanins from tart cherries significantly lowered inflammation-induced pain in rats in a dose-dependent manner3 and that tart cherry juice blend lowered indicators of exercise-induced muscle damage in horses.31

Then researchers turned to controlled human trials, first testing the impact of tart cherries on the degree of pain following intense exercise.

The effects of tart cherry juice consumption were tested in a double-blind, randomized trial of runners participating in a 24-hour relay race. Runners drank two 355 milliliter beverages containing either tart cherry juice or a placebo beverage daily for one week prior to the race and during the race. (Two 355 mL bottles of tart cherry juice daily provides at least 80 mg anthocyanins which is the equivalent of 90 to 100 cherries.)32

Both groups reported pain after the race. But the runners who drank tart cherry juice experienced a substantially smaller pain increase after the race.32 This natural protection against acute muscle soreness suggested that tart cherries must be providing some defense against muscle damage.

To confirm this, scientists conducted a controlled trial on indices of muscle recovery. Participants were given either tart cherry juice or a control drink for five days before, on the day of, and for two days after a marathon race.

Runners in the tart cherry group had significantly lower inflammation biomarkers (Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) compared to the placebo group. The tart cherry group also recovered isometric strength faster than the control runners, demonstrating an accelerated recovery following strenuous exercise.33

To further assess the potential decrease in muscleinjury and strength loss, another research team gave 14 male college students who never exercised 12 ounces of either a tart cherry juice blend or a placebo twice daily for eight consecutive days. Then participants performed a type of repeated arm exercise (elbow flexion eccentric exercise) that typically induces muscle damage. Isometric elbow flexion strength, pain, and muscle soreness were measured before, and for four days after, the protocol.

After 24 hours, the control group’s arm strength was decreased by 30%—while the tart cherry group’s arm strength was diminished by only 12%. After four days, the control group’s arm strength was still down by over 10% while, remarkably, the tart cherry group’s arm strength had increased by 6%!34

The research team concluded that tart cherry significantly reduced the typical pain and loss of strength induced by exercise—and produced marked preservation of muscle function.34

The most recent trial on muscle injury and recovery included ten males, half of whom drank one ounce of a tart cherry beverage twice daily for ten days, while the other half drank the same amount of a placebo beverage during this period. All subjects completed two sets of an intensive, unilateral leg exercise—first, one set with one leg before the ten-day beverage consumption period, and then another set with the other leg after the beverage period.

Faster recovery of the knee extension (maximum voluntary contraction force) was observed with the tart cherry juice protocol versus control. The researchers concluded that the improved muscle recovery time may have been due to attenuation of oxidative damage.35

The study author suggested that tart cherry components produce a significant myoprotective—or muscle-protecting—benefit.35



Joint Defense

Experts estimate that one out of every two Americans will develop symptomatic osteoarthritis at some point in their lifetime.36 Osteoarthritis is a chronic condition characterized by a breakdown of joint cartilage that leads to pain and injury.37

The Arthritis Foundation reports that the risk of developing osteoarthritis is greater among those of increased age, those who are athletic or regularly engage in repetitive-motion work, and those who are obese.38

Osteoarthritis has a strong inflammatory component.39 Acetaminophen is the most commonly used osteoarthritis pain medication.40 However, this pain-reliever does not help lower inflammation,40 and its side effects can include kidney or liver damage.41

In a 2007 pilot study, researchers at Baylor Research Institute gave tart cherries in pill form to patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. They documented that, after 8 weeks, more than half the subjects experienced a significant improvement in pain and function.42

Then, in 2012, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, ahead of publication. Scientists measured the impacts of tart cherry on serum inflammatory biomarkers among inflammatory osteoarthritis patients. (Patients with inflammatory or erosive osteoarthritis are those who suffer from sudden signs of inflammation, such as redness, pain, and swelling.)

The trial included 20 female participants between 40 and 70 years old who experienced at least moderate pain from osteoarthritis. The participants consumed two 10.5-ounce bottles of either tart cherry juice or a control beverage for 3 weeks.

Among those patients consuming the tart cherry juice, there was a statistically significant decrease in inflammation, indicated by reduced levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). The impact was greatest for those women who had shown the highest inflammation levels at the start of the investigation.43

This research demonstrates that tart cherry juice provides osteoarthritis patients with anti-inflammatory activity without the adverse effects and risks of traditional arthritis medications.

Gout is another type of inflammatory arthritis, and it is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality.44 High blood concentration of uric acid is considered its main pathway.45

Typically, drugs such as allopurinol and probenecid are used to help lower uric acid levels. But the side effects of these drugs can include difficulty breathing, unusual bleeding, vomiting, nausea, or severe skin rash.46,47 They may even interfere with other medications.48,49

Fortunately, research has spotlighted a safe alternative. For decades, gout sufferers have consumed tart cherry juice for symptomatic relief, on the basis of anecdotal evidence. Now, rigid science has begun to support this tradition.

A study conducted by scientists at Boston University found that intake of cherry extract reduced the risk of gout attacks in those who suffered recurrent gout attacks by 45%.50 Additionally, the researchers discovered that when cherry intake was combined with allopurinol use, the risk for gout attacks was reduced by 75% versus no intervention. What’s more, these results persisted even across subgroups stratified for sex, obesity status, purine intake, and alcohol use.50 Tart cherries appear to be a natural—and safe—way to inhibit the key gout pathway.

Quelling the Chronic Inflammation of Obesity

Chronic inflammation significantly boosts the risk of a number of conditions, including cancer and heart disease.51 But few people realize that obesity can be both a cause—and a consequence—of chronic low-level inflammation.52,53

Adipose cells are not simply fat stores—they are chemically active cells.52 In obese individuals, belly fat deposits generate a torrent of pro-inflammatory cell-signaling molecules known as cytokines.54 Left unchecked, these cytokines trigger a cascade of destruction that can lead to a number of degenerative diseases.55,56

Researchers demonstrated that obese or overweight human adults who consumed 8 ounces daily of tart cherry juice for4 weeks exhibited significantly lowered inflammation. This was evidenced by marked decreases in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, tumor necrosis factor levels, and monocyte chemotactic protein—all key indicators of inflammation.44

Tart cherries are clearly a potent tool for inhibiting the chronic, often obesity-related, low-level inflammation that can lead to many disorders—and they could even inhibit obesity itself!



Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Elevated readings of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are a factor in the onset of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.57

To help decrease low-density lipoprotein to a safer range, the standard medical approach is to prescribe statins or fibrates to decrease blood lipid levels.58 However, some patients encounter side effects with these drugs that range from muscle pain (myalgia) to very serious complications such as liver dysfunction and rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle is broken down, sometimes resulting in kidney failure.59,60

A series of studies on rats concluded that diets enriched with tart cherries improved multiple cardiovascular risk factors. These included a reduction in cholesterol, body fat, weight, and abdominal fat. Tart cherries also calmed inflammation at sites—such as the belly and heart—specifically linked to heart disease risk.61-63

Then, in 2011, scientists reported a 26% decrease in cholesterol in mice given tart cherry powder, as well as a 65% reduction in early death. This lower mortality was believed to be due to improved cardiovascular health.62

Turning their attention to humans, researchers investigated the impact of tart cherry juice on serum triglycerides. They reported in 2011 that consuming 8-ounce-daily of tart cherry juice lowered triglycerides levels by over 17% on average!44

Together, these studies suggest that tart cherries promote cardiovascular health by safely lowering levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as other risk factors.

Anti-Cancer Mechanisms

Studies have shown that berry anthocyanins—found in tart cherries—can switch off genes involved in the multiple pathways of cancer.

These include genes for cell proliferation and inflammation, and for angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels that feed a tumor).14,64,65

Anthocyanins can also trigger apoptosis, the programmed cell death that causes pre-cancerous cells to self-destruct.64,66

These studies establish that anthocyanins work through a network of mechanisms to promote a broad spectrum of natural anticancer protection. And because there is a unique synergy among the anthocyanins and phenolic acids in tart cherries, scientists have been investigating them for their anticancer benefits.7

In mice, a diet of tart cherries inhibited both the incidence and size of adenomas (benign tumors) of the cecum, an area at the beginning of the large intestine that is a common site for colon cancer. In the same study, the growth of human colon cancer cell lines was shown to be reduced by tart cherry anthocyanins.67

Finally, in 2011, a review of past studies concluded that cherries exert a variety of anti-carcinogenic effects.11

SWEET OR TART: WHICH TYPE OF CHERRY PACKS THE MOST POWERFUL PHENOL PUNCH?

Not all cherries contain the same type—let alone the same amounts—of potent compounds.

The two cultivated varieties of cherry are the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), sometimes known as the wild cherry, and the tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), sometimes known as sour cherry or pie cherry.

All cherries provide substantial quantities of antioxidants and other nutrients. But tart cherries deliver a much greater content of various anthocyanins than sweet cherries, as well as higher amounts of other phenolic compounds and other nutrients.19

But keep in mind that tart cherries are not the cherries you are likely to see at the grocery store, which will almost certainly be sweet cherries. The potent but less common tart cherries are chiefly used for baking and so usually come frozen, canned, dried, or juiced. Tart cherries may occasionally be located at a farmer’s market. Fortunately, standardized extracts of tart cherries are available.

Superior Results
An impressive study released in 2013 reported that after 28 days of consumption, sweet cherries were found to selectively and significantly reduce a number of biomarkers associated with inflammatory diseases. Among other decreased inflammation indicators, blood levels of C-reactive protein were reduced by over 20% and blood levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were reduced by 19.9%. And newly identified ligand for advanced glycation end products was slashed by a full 29%!75

The take-away message? If sweet cherries provide this degree of anti-inflammatory impact, try to imagine the powerful wallop you get from tart cherries—which pack twice the phenol content!19

And tart cherries don’t contain the sugar and calories found in sweet cherries.

What Cherry Suppliers Can’t Tell You

A series of studies reporting on the compelling anti-inflammatory activity of sweet cherries—and especially tart cherries—has many scientists excited.

But not the Food and Drug Administration.

The agency has taken draconian steps to suppress this information. It may seem difficult to believe, but on October 17, 2005, the Food and Drug Administration issued an edict that precludes cherry companies from posting scientific data about cherries on their websites.1,2 Letters from the agency went out to 29 companies warning them that if they continue to inform consumers about these scientific studies, criminal prosecutions will ensue.1,2

What can’t cherry suppliers tell you? Simply this: tart cherries may well be the ultimate super food. Due to their superior phenolic matrix, tart cherry compounds help reduce the risk of osteoarthritis, gout, obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

And Life Extension® will continue to report the latest scientific findings about tart cherries and their potent health benefits!

Optimal Metabolic Support

Metabolic syndrome—which often precedes the development of type II diabetes—is comprised of a spectrum of phenotypes (observable physical or biochemical characteristics), often associated with a high-fat diet.

A number of these metabolic syndrome phenotypes became significantly reduced—after just 90 days—in obesity-prone rats fed a diet comprised partly of whole tart cherry powder. These included a reduction in fat mass, weight around the abdomen, hyperlipidemia (elevated fats in the blood), and expression of inflammation markers, and tumor necrosis factor, along with other beneficial metabolic changes.17

The research team concluded that, “Tart cherries may reduce the degree or trajectory of metabolic syndrome, thereby reducing risk for the development of type II diabetes.”17

A 2005 investigation extracted phenols from both tart and sweet cherries for further analysis and reported that tart cherries have substantially higher concentrations of total phenolics than sweet cherries due to a much greater content of anthocyanins.19

Neurodegenerative Disease Defense

The combination of aging and oxidative stress can cause some neurons (nerve cells) in certain regions of the brain to die, contributing to neurodegenerative disorders68 such as Alzheimer’s,69 Parkinson’s,69 and Huntington’s70 diseases, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease) and general cognitive decline.68

As the population ages, there is growing interest in the neuroprotective benefits of antioxidants,71 and one scientific report concluded that rich sources of polyphenolic compounds, such as tart cherries, can play a role.68

Both sweet and tart cherries are known to contain a matrix of bioactive constituents that are characterized as beneficial against multiple degenerative diseases.11,19

But studies have now shown that tart cherries, more than sweet cherries, act in a dose-dependent manner to protect neurons from cell-damaging oxidative stress.19

Tart cherries’ richer content of phenolics, including anthocyanins, was shown to be responsible for this neuron defense—which the researchers described as “strong anti-neurodegenerative activity.”19



Underlying Mechanisms of Action

To understand how tart cherries can target so many disease origins, it’s important to appreciate their many underlying biochemical pathways. Extensive evidence demonstrates that these versatile components naturally:

Inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes that help make inflammatory prostaglandins.7
Suppress nuclear factor-kappaB activation (linked to autoimmune reactions) in monocytes (a type of white blood cell)17 and calm inflammatory factors in the body.3-7,43,44
Switch off pivotal genes involved in cancer and inflammation14-16,64,65 and switch on apoptosis, the programmed death of potentially pre-cancerous cells.64,66
Prevent lipoprotein peroxidation that leads to endothelial damage that causes white blood cells to cling to blood vessel walls.72
Target cholesterol and triglycerides and improve some high-risk metabolic phenotypes.61-63
Aid in controlling blood glucose levels and interfere with glucose synthesis and release.19,25,73,74
Boost detoxifying enzymes12,21,22 and the natural body antioxidants glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.12,26
Lower blood levels of uric acid.44
Exert an analgesic activity,32,34 inhibit oxidative stress,68 neurodegeneration,19 and tumorigenesis.67

Summary

Prolonged physical exertion, especially with advancing age, causes the inflammation, pain, redness, and swelling that indicate muscle damage.

Emerging data demonstrate that the anthocyanins, phenols, flavanols, and other constituents in tart cherries provide protection against muscle injury, inhibiting inflammation.

In fact, while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Advil®) and naproxen (Aleve®) involve potentially deadly side effects such as kidney failure, the molecules in tart cherries deliver anti-inflammatory impact safely.

The same potent effects that tart cherry compounds deliver to muscles similarly protect the entire body against an array of inflammation-associated pathologies. Unique compounds in tart cherries have been shown to substantially decrease the risk of osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases.

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I found two good studies comparing fresh to frozen fruit. One on strawberries and one on raspberries. They both found the same thing: “no statistically significant differences between the…[antioxidant levels] for fresh and frozen strawberries” and “It is concluded, therefore, that freshly picked, fresh commercial, and frozen raspberries all contain similar levels of phytochemicals and antioxidants per serving.”

In fact, frozen last longer than fresh, are available year-round, and tend to be cheaper and more convenient. If you look in my freezer, normally it’s half frozen greens and half frozen berries (though this time of the year it’s also stuffed with 20 pounds of fresh dates!).

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We know that inadequate sleeping is associated with changes in diet—people tend to eat worse—but what about the opposite question: Can food affect sleep? In a study on kiwifruit, this seemed possible (see Kiwifruit For Insomnia), but the mechanism the researchers suggested for the effect—the serotonin levels in kiwifruit—doesn’t make any sense, since serotonin can’t cross the blood-brain barrier. We can eat all the serotonin we want and it shouldn’t affect our brain chemistry. A different brain chemical, though, melatonin, can get from our gut to our brain.

Melatonin is a hormone secreted at night by the pineal gland in the center of our brain to help regulate our circadian rhythm. Supplements of the stuff are used to prevent and reduce jet lag, and about 20 years ago MIT got the patent to use melatonin to help people sleep. But melatonin “is not only produced in the pineal gland—it is also naturally present in edible plants.”

That might explain the results of a study, “Effects of a Tart Cherry Juice Beverage on the Sleep of Older Adults with Insomnia” (See Tart Cherries for Insomnia). The research group had been doing an earlier study on tart cherry juice as a sports recovery drink. There’s a phytonutrient in cherries with anti-inflammatory effects on par with drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen, so the researchers were trying to see whether tart cherry juice could reduce muscle soreness after exercise. During the study, some of the participants anecdotally noted that they were sleeping better on the cherries. That was unexpected, but the researchers realized that cherries were a source of melatonin so they put them to the test.

The reason they chose older subjects is that melatonin production tends to drop as we age, which may be one reason why there’s a higher insomnia rates among the elderly. So, they took a group of older men and women suffering from chronic insomnia and put half on cherries and half on placebo. They couldn’t use whole cherries for the study—how could you fool people with a placebo cherry? So they used cherry juice versus cherry Kool-Aid.

They found that participants did in fact sleep a little better on the cherry juice. The effect was modest, but significant. Some, for example, fell to sleep a few minutes faster and had 17 fewer minutes of waking after sleep onset (waking up in the middle of the night). It was no insomnia cure, but it helped—without side effects.

How do we know it was the melatonin, though? They repeated the study, this time measuring the melatonin levels, and indeed saw a boost in circulating melatonin levels after the cherry juice, but not after the Kool-Aid. Similar results were found in people eating the actual cherries—seven different varieties boosted melatonin levels and actual sleep times. The effects of all the other phytonutrients in cherries can’t be precluded—maybe they helped too—but if it is the melatonin, there are more potent sources than cherries.

Orange bell peppers have a lot, as do walnuts—and a tablespoon of flaxseeds has about as much as a tomato. See the chart in my video Tart Cherries for Insomnia. The melatonin content of tomatoes was suggested as one of the reasons traditional Mediterranean diets were so healthy. They have less melatonin than the tart cherries, but people may eat a lot more tomatoes than cherries. Sweet cherries have 50 times less melatonin than tart ones; dried cherries appear to have none.

A few spices are pretty potent: just a teaspoon of fenugreek or mustard seeds has as much as a few tomatoes. The bronze and silver go to almonds and raspberries, though. And the gold goes to gojis. Goji berries were just off the charts.

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A few spices are pretty potent: just a teaspoon of fenugreek or mustard seeds has as much as a few tomatoes.