[www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In addition to being an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

Cinnamon can also improve the health of the colon, thereby reducing the risk of colon cancer [14].

Cinnamon is a coagulant and prevents bleeding [15]. Cinnamon also increases the blood circulation in the uterus and advances tissue regeneration [16]. This plant plays a vital role as a spice, but its essential oils and other constituents also have important activities, including antimicrobial [17–20], antifungal [21], antioxidant [22–26], and antidiabetic [27–33].

Cinnamon has been used as anti-inflammatory [34–36], antitermitic [36], nematicidal [37, 38], mosquito larvicidal [39], insecticidal [40], antimycotic, [40–43] and anticancer agent [44–47]. Cinnamon has also been traditionally used as tooth powder and to treat toothaches, dental problems, oral microbiota, and bad breath [48, 49].

The aqueous and alcoholic extract (1 : 1) of cinnamon potentially significantly inhibits fatty acid oxidation and lipid peroxidation in vitro [23]. Different flavonoids isolated from cinnamon have free-radical-scavenging activities and antioxidant properties [57].

Another study investigated the effectiveness of a mixture of spices on oxidative stress markers as well as the antioxidant activity in high fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. The mixture, which consisted of 1 g/100 g cinnamon bark, showed a significant antioxidant activity compared to the fructose alone group [63].

Forty-one different volatile compounds in the bark oil of cinnamon have been identified and were found to vary significantly in percentage composition depending on the growth stages and segments of the C. cassia tree [65].

Various studies reported the anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon and its essential oils [34–36]. To date, there are several flavonoid compounds (e.g., gossypin, gnaphalin, hesperidin, hibifolin, hypolaetin, oroxindin, and quercetin) that have been isolated and have anti-inflammatory activities [82–86].

A study reported that cinnamophilin confers protection against ischemic damage in rat brains when administered at 80 mg/kg at different time intervals (2, 4, and 6 h) after insult. The effects were found to have a considerable effect (by 34–43%) on abridged brain infarction [93] and further enhance neurobehavioral outcomes.

Khasnavis and Pahan reported that sodium benzoate, a cinnamon metabolite, upregulates DJ-1 by modulating mevalonate metabolites [97, 98]. Cinnamon and its metabolite sodium benzoate also upregulate the neurotropic factors BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factors) as well as neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the mouse central nervous system [99]. PARK7 is one of the main neuroprotective proteins that protects cells from damage and from the further detrimental effects of oxidative stress;

The extract can also encourage the complete fragmentation of recombinant tau filaments and cause the considerable modification of the morphology of paired helical filaments from Alzheimer's disease brain [101], indicating the potential of cinnamon in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Several studies have also revealed that cinnamon extracts lower not only blood glucose but also cholesterol levels [103–107].

To date, several antimicrobial activities of cinnamon and its oils have been reported in various studies [20, 28, 115].

Overall, the essential oil from cinnamon is more potent than other tested plant extracts

The results of the study revealed that cinnamon could potentially be used in cancer prevention [44].

A recent study reported the potential effects of two compounds, cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamic acid, isolated from C. cassia against myocardial ischemia [124], indicating that cinnamon also has the potential to be used to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Cinnamophilin mainly inhibits thromboxane receptor-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and may have the potential for use in the prevention of vascular diseases and atherosclerosis [128].

Cinnamaldehyde averts the progress of hypertension in types 1 and 2 diabetes by abridging vascular contractility, in addition to its insulinotropic effect in insulin deficiency [132].

A study by Khan et al. reported that the administration of cinnamon at 1, 3, and 6 g doses per day caused a reduction in serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in humans [104].



Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 04/11/2022 11:26PM by Panchito.