these are unrelated quotes that say that fruits and vegs fight cancer. There are probably many more but I thought to start mentioning them here. They have to do with the enzymes. There are two types, the digestive enzymes (help digest food), and the working enzymes (help make things work like for example glands, etc). The effect of these enzymes decrease when temp goes above like 118F. So raw foods are best antidote against cancer.


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[en.wikipedia.org]

"There is evidence from laboratory studies that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer, possibly due to dietary fibers, polyphenol antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as fermentable dietary fibers, are allowed limited health claims by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[1]"

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[en.wikipedia.org]

Bromelain is an extract derived from the stems of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant and fruit, which has many uses.

"Systemic enzyme therapy (consisting of combinations of proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain) has been investigated in Europe to evaluate the efficacy of proteolytic enzymes in the treatment of breast, colorectal, and plasmacytoma cancer patients.[6] In mice with experimental colitis, 6 months of dietary bromelain from pineapple stem or from fresh juice decreased the severity of colonic inflammation and reduced the number of cancerous lesions in the colon.[7]"

bromelian = from the Fruit pineapple
trypsin = enzyme from the pancreas stimulated by a peptide hormone (pituitary)
Chymotrypsin = digestive enzyme component of pancreatic juice
papain = from the Fruit papaya



Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 02/06/2013 03:46PM by Panchito.

fruit juice

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Fruit juice consumption overall in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and the USA has increased in recent years,[14] probably due to public perception of juices as a healthy natural source of nutrients and increased public interest in health issues. Indeed, fruit juice intake has been consistently associated with reduced risk of many cancer types,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] might be protective against stroke[23] and delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease.[24]"


prevention of bladder cancer

[en.wikipedia.org]

"A 2008 study commissioned by the World Health Organisation concluded that "specific fruit and vegetables may act to reduce the risk of bladder cancer."[6] Fruit and yellow-orange vegetables, particularly carrots and those containing selenium,[9] are probably associated with a moderately reduced risk of bladder cancer. Citrus fruits and cruciferous vegetables were also identified as having a possibly protective effect."


apricots

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Cyanogenic glycosides (found in most stone fruit seeds, bark, and leaves) are found in high concentration in apricot seeds. Laetrile, a purported alternative treatment for cancer, is extracted from apricot seeds. Apricot seeds were used against tumors as early as AD 502. In England during the 17th century, apricot oil was also used against tumors, swellings, and ulcers.[14] In 2005, scientists in the Republic of Korea found that treating human prostate cancer cells with amygdalin induces programmed cell death in vitro. They concluded, "amygdalin may offer a valuable option for the treatment of prostate cancers".[15]"


blackberry

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Arguably, the most beneficial property of the blackberry is its profusion of ellagic acid. Ellagic acid is a phytochemical, meaning it is only found in certain plants. In experimental studies, ellagic acid is used to treat tumors in mice; the result being ellagic acid is reliable for causing the death of particular cancer cells.[9][10][full citation needed] Researchers believe that ellagic acid may also work to reduce the harmful effects of estrogen that create breast cancer cells.[11][full citation needed]"

grapes

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Grape phytochemicals such as resveratrol (a polyphenol antioxidant), have been positively linked to inhibiting any cancer, heart disease, degenerative nerve disease, viral infections and mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.[23][24]

Protection of the genome through antioxidant actions may be a general function of resveratrol.[25] In laboratory studies with mice, resveratrol bears a significant transcriptional overlap with the beneficial effects of calorie restriction in heart, skeletal muscle and brain. Both dietary interventions inhibit gene expression associated with heart and skeletal muscle aging, and prevent age-related heart failure.[26]

Resveratrol is the subject of several human clinical trials,[27] among which the most advanced is a one year dietary regimen in a Phase III study of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease.[28]

Synthesized by many plants, resveratrol apparently serves antifungal and other defensive properties. Dietary resveratrol has been shown to modulate the metabolism of lipids and to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and aggregation of platelets.[29]

Resveratrol is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds which, in muscadine grapes, have about one hundred times higher concentration than pulp.[30] Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.[31]"


antioxidants in fruits

[en.wikipedia.org]

"People who eat fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of heart disease and some neurological diseases,[170] and there is evidence that some types of vegetables, and fruits in general, may lower risk against some cancers.[171]"

kale

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Kale is very high in beta carotene, vitamin K, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin, and rich in calcium. Kale, as with broccoli and other brassicas, contains sulforaphane (particularly when chopped or minced), a chemical with potent anti-cancer properties.[1] Boiling decreases the level of sulforaphane; however, steaming, microwaving, or stir frying do not result in significant loss.[2] Along with other brassica vegetables, kale is also a source of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.[3][4]"


Romaine lettuce

[en.wikipedia.org]

"As with other dark leafy greens, the antioxidants contained within romaine lettuce are believed to help prevent cancer.[4] According to the 2011 edition of the Old Farmer's Almanac, the chlorophyll pigment in dark leafy greens, such as Romaine lettuce, may reduce levels of colon and liver cancer carcinogens."

Thank you for posting this Panchito!


My favorite raw vegan

why do some say fruit feeds cancer? it can reduce cancer but if you already have cancer (dont a lot of people have cancer cells?) its bad?

tomatoes, red bell peppers, watermelons, papayas

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Lycopene (from the New Latin word lycopersicum, referring to the tomato species) is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, red bell peppers, watermelons, gac, and papayas (but not strawberries or cherries).[1] Although lycopene is chemically a carotene, it has no vitamin A activity.[2]"

"There have been several studies produced that analyzed the anti-cancer properties of lycopene, although research has been primarily inconclusive. Evidence for lycopene’s benefit was strongest for cancers of the lung, stomach, and prostate gland. Lycopene is not modified to vitamin A in the body so it can be accessible for other benefits such as antioxidation. The absence of the beta-ionone ring structure for lycopene increases its antioxidant action. Lycopene is also the most efficient oxygen and free radical quencher and is the prime carotenoid in plasma and other tissues. Lycopene is also found in lung tissue and is valuable in protecting lymphocytes from NO2 damage found in lung cancer. Lycopene also may help decrease the impact of oxidative load from pylori infections in the stomach. The tomato-derived carotenoid lycopene may reduce risk of cancer by activating special cancer preventive enzymes such as phase II detoxification enzymes, which remove harmful carcinogens from cells and the body.[30] In one study of lycopene as an inhibitor of human cancer cell proliferation, it was found that unlike cancer cells, human fibroblasts were less sensitive to lycopene, and the cells gradually escaped growth inhibition over time. In addition to its inhibitory effect on basal endometrial cancer cell proliferation, lycopene also was found to suppress insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated growth. Insulin-like growth factors are major autocrine/paracrine regulators of mammary and endometrial cancer cell growth. Therefore, lycopene interference in this major autocrine/paracrine system may open new avenues for research on the role of lycopene in the regulation of endometrial cancer and other tumors.[31] In different studies however, lycopene was even found to have an inhibitory effect on cataract development[32] and several different kinds of cancer cells including breast and endometrial cancer cells,[33] prostate carcinoma cells,[30] and colon cancer cells.[34]"



onions

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Onions contain chemical compounds with potential anti-inflammatory, anticholesterol, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, such as quercetin[17] and glycosides like quercetin 3,4-diglucoside or quercetin-4-glucoside[18][19] Shallots have the most phenols, six times the amount found in Vidalia onion, the variety with the lowest phenolic content.[20]"



apples

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Basic research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer.[64] Apple peels contain ursolic acid which, in rat studies, increases skeletal muscle and brown fat, and decreases white fat, obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver disease.[65]

Apple peels are a source of various phytochemicals with unknown nutritional value[57] and possible antioxidant activity in vitro.[66] The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2.[67]"


ginger

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Ginger root supplement has been identified in one study to help reduce colon inflammation markers such as PGE2, thus indicating a measure that might affect colon cancer.[15]"

"The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture of zingerone, shogaols and gingerols, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the weight of fresh ginger. In laboratory animals, the gingerols increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic and antibacterial properties.[25] Ginger oil has been shown to prevent skin cancer in mice[26] and a study at the University of Michigan demonstrated that gingerols can kill ovarian cancer cells.[27][28][29] [6]-gingerol (1-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger. The chemopreventive potentials of [6]-gingerol present a promising future alternative to expensive and toxic chemotherapeutic agents.[30]"

Thanks Trive

fruitylou, don't know the answer.

blueberries

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Blueberries contain anthocyanins, other pigments and various phytochemicals, which are under preliminary research for their potential role in reducing risks of diseases such as inflammation and cancer.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Similar to red grape, blueberries may contain resveratrol.[34]

Most studies have been conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (V. corymbosum), while content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (V. angustifolium) exceeds values found in highbush cultivars.[35]

In preliminary research, feeding blueberries to rats reduced brain damage in experimental stroke[36][37] and may cause increased production of vascular nitric oxide that influences blood pressure regulation.[38] Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered glycosaminoglycans that are vascular cell components affecting control of blood pressure.[39]

Other animal studies found blueberry consumption lowered cholesterol and total blood lipid levels, possibly affecting symptoms of heart disease.[40]

Supplementation of diets with wild blueberry juice may affect memory and learning in older adults, while reducing blood sugar and symptoms of depression.[41]"


garlic

[en.wikipedia.org]

"In in vitro studies, garlic has been found to have antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity.[citation needed] However, these actions are less clear in vivo.[citation needed] Garlic is also claimed to help prevent heart disease (including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure) and cancer.[1][30] "

[en.wikipedia.org]

Fresh or crushed garlic also affords the sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithins, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, B vitamins, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds. Furthermore, a phytoalexin (allixin) was found, a nonsulfur compound with a pyrone skeleton structure with antioxidant effects, antimicrobial effects,[73] antitumor promoting effects,[74] inhibition of aflatoxin B2 DNA binding,[74] and neurotrophic effects. Allixin showed an antitumor promoting effect in vivo, inhibiting skin tumor formation by TPA and DMBA initiated mice.[74] Analogs of this compound have exhibited antitumor promoting effects in in vitro experimental conditions. Herein, allixin and/or its analogs may be expected useful compounds for cancer prevention or chemotherapy agents for other diseases.


walnuts

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Scientists are not yet certain whether walnuts act as a cancer chemopreventive agent, an effect which may be a result of the fruit's high phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and potent in vitro antiproliferative activity.[23]

Compared to certain other nuts, such as almonds, peanuts and hazelnuts, walnuts (especially in their raw form) contain the highest total level of antioxidants, including both free antioxidants and antioxidants bound to fiber.[11]"

brazil nuts

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Recent research suggests that proper selenium intake is correlated with a reduced risk of both breast cancer and prostate cancer.[16] This has led some health commentators and nutritionists to recommend the consumption of Brazil nuts as a protective measure.[17][18] However, these findings are inconclusive."

"Despite the possible health benefits of the nut, the European Union has imposed strict regulations on the import from Brazil of Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells have been found to contain high levels of aflatoxins, which can lead to liver cancer.[20]"


grapefruit

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Since grapefruit juice is known to inhibit enzymes necessary for the clearance of some drugs and hormones, some have hypothesized that grapefruit juice may play an indirect role in the development of hormone-dependent cancers. A 2007 study found a correlation between eating a quarter of grapefruit daily and a 30% increase in risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. The study points to the inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme by grapefruit, which metabolizes estrogen.[40] However, a 2008 study has shown that grapefruit consumption does not increase breast cancer risk and found a significant decrease in breast cancer risk with greater intake of grapefruit in women who never used hormone therapy.[41]

Grapefruit contains large quantities of a simple polyamine called spermidine, which may be related to aging. It is known to be necessary for cell growth and maturation, and as cells age their level of spermidine is known to fall. Scientists have shown that feeding spermidine to worms, fruit flies and yeast significantly prolongs their lifespan. In addition, adding spermidine to the diet of mice decreased molecular markers of aging, and when human immune cells were cultured in a medium containing spermidine, they also lived longer.[42]"


almonds

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Potential health benefits, which have not been scientifically validated, include improved complexion and possibly a lower risk of cancer.[34] Preliminary research associates consumption of almonds with elevating blood levels of high density lipoproteins and lowering low density lipoproteins.[35][36] A preliminary trial showed that using them in the daily diet might lower several factors associated with heart disease, including cholesterol and blood lipids.[37]

Almonds contain polyphenols in their skins consisting in a combination of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavanones[38] analogous to those of certain fruits and vegetables.

Almonds may cause allergy or intolerance. Cross-reactivity is common with peach allergens (lipid transfer proteins) and tree nut allergens. "

Red Delicious apples, sweet potato, kale, watercress, red onion, broccoli, black plums

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The American Cancer Society says while quercetin "has been promoted as being effective against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer," and "some early lab results appear promising, as of yet there is no reliable clinical evidence that quercetin can prevent or treat cancer in humans." In the amounts consumed in a healthy diet, quercetin "is unlikely to cause any major problems or benefits."[19]

In laboratory studies of cells in vitro, quercetin produces changes that are also produced by compounds that cause cancer (carcinogens), but these studies do not report increased cancer in animals or humans.[20][21][22]

From laboratory studies is conjecture that quercetin may affect certain mechanisms of cancer.[23][24] An 8-year study found the presence of three flavonols — kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin — in a normal diet was associated with 23% reduced risk of pancreatic cancer, a rare but frequently fatal disease, in tobacco smokers.[25] There was no benefit in subjects who had never smoked or had previously quit smoking.

In vitro, cultured skin and prostate cancer cells were suppressed (compared to nonmalignant cells) when treated with a combination of quercetin and ultrasound.[26]

In laboratory culture studies, quercetin increased the sensitivity of resistant colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability to the chemotherapy drug, 5-fluorouracil.[27]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Foods containing quercetin, presented in milligrams per 100 grams of edible portion (shown as numerals in parentheses),[5] include brewed, black or green tea (Camellia sinensis; about 2), Red Delicious apples (4), cow peas (11), sweet potato (10), kale (23), watercress (30), red onion (32; higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration),[6] broccoli (3), black plums (12) and a number of berries, including cultivated blueberry (8), bilberry (3), lingonberry (13), cranberry (15), chokeberry (19), rowanberry (7), sea buckthorn berry (8), crowberry (5) and the fruit of the prickly pear cactus (5). A recent study found that organically grown tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than "conventionally grown".[7]"


coconut

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Coconuts may help benign prostatic hyperplasia.[50] In rats, virgin coconut oil reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels and increased HDL cholesterol in serum and tissues.[51] The hexane fraction of coconut peel may contain novel anticancer compounds.[52] Young coconut juice has estrogen-like characteristics.[53] Inside a coconut is a cavity filled with coconut water, which is sterile until opened. It mixes easily with blood, and was used during World War II in emergency transfusions.[54] It can also serve as an emergency short-term intravenous hydration fluid.[55] "


stress

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Recent studies have shown that there is a link between stress and cancer in animals. The initiation of cancer typically starts off with an unstoppable cell growth and division, leading to a tumor. This cells eventually go through metastasis, where they leave the tumor and migrate to other parts of the body. They found that stress plays as an activator for certain processes that can lead to diseases such as antiviral defense. However, many tests regarding stress is not capable and thus this relationship between cancer and stress within humans can't be determined [13]"

WOW! WOW! WOW! Thank you AGAIN, Panchito! I recently had a mastectomy for Stage I breast cancer and am at home and doing quite well. I have always had a fairly good diet, even when not 100% raw, so I imagine it was stress and other unknown environmental factors that must have contributed to its cause. However, I trust that reducing stress (which I have done) and focusing on my diet will keep me healthy. It is always good to have facts. There is so much misinformation and disinformation out there! I appreciate you taking the time to gather and present this all together.


My favorite raw vegan



Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 02/09/2013 05:20PM by Trive.

mango

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The mango triterpene, lupeol,[34] is an effective inhibitor in laboratory models of prostate and skin cancers.[35][36][37] An extract of mango branch bark called Vimang, isolated by Cuban scientists, contains numerous polyphenols with antioxidant properties in vitro[38] and on blood parameters of elderly humans.[39]"



tangerine

[en.wikipedia.org]

"New research from The University of Western Ontario has discovered a substance in tangerine skins that not only prevents obesity in mice, but also offers protection against type 2 diabetes, and even atherosclerosis, the underlying disease responsible for most heart attacks and strokes. Murray Huff, a vascular biology scientist at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, along with Erin Mulvihill, a PhD student, studied the effects of a flavonoid in tangerines called Nobiletin. Their research is published in the journal Diabetes.[8] [9]"

[9] Tangerine chemical can protect against cancer



cabbage

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Cabbage is a good source of beta-carotene, vitamin C and fiber. It is a cruciferous vegetable, and has been shown to reduce the risk of some cancers, especially those in the colorectal group.[13] This is possibly due to the glucosinolates found in cole crops, which serve as metabolic detoxicants, or due to the sulphoraphane content, also responsible for metabolic anti-carcinogenic activities. Purple cabbage also contains anthocyanins, which in other vegetables have been proven to have anti-carcinogenic properties.[42] Along with other cole crops, cabbage is a source of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical that boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.[43][44] Research suggests that boiling these vegetables reduces their anti-carcinogenic properties.[45]"

bananas

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Bananas are an excellent source of vitamin B6, soluble fiber, and contain moderate amounts of vitamin C, manganese and potassium.[78] Along with other fruits and vegetables, consumption of bananas may be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer[79] and in women, breast cancer[80] and renal cell carcinoma.[81] Banana ingestion may affect dopamine production in people deficient in the amino acid tyrosine, a dopamine precursor present in bananas.[82][83] Individuals with a latex allergy may experience a reaction to bananas.[84]"



fasting

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Research suggests there are major health benefits to caloric restriction. Benefits include reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, insulin resistance, immune disorders, and more generally, the slowing of the aging process, and the potential to increase maximum life span.[1] Besides these health benefits, research by Valter Longo has also uncovered a potential link between fasting and improved efficacy of chemotherapy.[2][3][4] According to Dr. Mark P. Mattson, chief of the laboratory of neurosciences at the US National Institute on Aging, fasting every other day (intermittent fasting) shows beneficial effects in mice as strong as those of caloric-restriction diets,[5] and a small study conducted on humans at the University of Illinois at Chicago indicates the same results.[6] According to the US National Academy of Sciences, other health benefits include stress resistance, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced morbidity, and increased life span.[7][8] Long-term studies in humans have not been conducted. However, short-term human trials showed benefits in weight loss. The side effect was that the participants felt cranky during the three week trial. According to the study conducted by Dr. Eric Ravussin, "Alternate-day fasting may be an alternative to prolonged diet restriction for increasing the life span".[9]"


flax seeds

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Flax seeds contain high levels of dietary fiber as well as lignans, an abundance of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids (table). Studies have shown that flax seeds may lower cholesterol levels, although with differing results in terms of gender. One study found results were better for women [11] whereas a later study found benefits only for men.[12] Initial studies suggest that flax seeds taken in the diet may benefit individuals with certain types of breast[13][14] and prostate cancers.[15] A study done at Duke University suggests that flaxseed may stunt the growth of prostate tumors,[15] although a meta-analysis found the evidence on this point to be inconclusive.[16] Flax may also lessen the severity of diabetes by stabilizing blood-sugar levels.[17] There is some support for the use of flax seed as a laxative due to its dietary fiber content[6] though excessive consumption without liquid can result in intestinal blockage.[18] Consuming large amounts of flax seed may impair the effectiveness of certain oral medications, due to its fiber content,[18] and may have adverse effects due to its content of neurotoxic cyanogen glycosides and immunosuppressive cyclic nonapeptides.[19]"

avocados

[en.wikipedia.org]

"High avocado intake was shown in one preliminary study to lower blood cholesterol levels. Specifically, after a seven-day diet rich in avocados, mild hypercholesterolemia patients showed a 17% decrease in total serum cholesterol levels. These subjects also showed a 22% decrease in both LDL (harmful cholesterol) and triglyceride levels and 11% increase in HDL (helpful cholesterol) levels.[33] Additionally a Japanese team synthesised the four chiral components, and identified (2R, 4R)-16-heptadecene-1, 2, 4-triol as a natural antibacterial component.[34]

Due to a combination of specific aliphatic acetogenins, avocado is under preliminary research for potential anti-cancer activity.[35]

Extracts of P. americana have been used in laboratory research to study potential use for treating hypertension or diabetes mellitus.[36]"


sesame seeds

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Sesame seeds contain phytosterols associated with reduced levels of blood cholesterol.[citation needed] Sesame seeds are a good source of calcium and are therefore suitable for sufferers of osteoporosis. Sesame seeds contain a high amount of the antioxidant phytic acid.[citation needed] The nutrients of sesame seeds are better absorbed if they are ground or pulverized before consumption, as in tahini."

phytosterol = [en.wikipedia.org]

"Phytosterols may inhibit lung, stomach, ovarian and breast cancers.[25] 24-Epibrassinolide, a brassinosteroid, modulates superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity.[26]"


endive

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Endive is rich in many vitamins and minerals, especially in folate and vitamins A and K, and is high in fiber. Endive is also a common name for some types of chicory (Cichorium intybus)."

folate = [en.wikipedia.org]

"Many cancer cells have a high requirement for folic acid and overexpress the folic acid receptor. This finding has led to the development of anti-cancer drugs that target the folic acid receptor.[36]

A meta-analysis published in 2010 failed to find a statistically significant cancer risk due to folic acid supplements.[37]

Some investigations have proposed good levels of folic acid may be related to lower risk of esophageal, stomach, and ovarian cancers, but the benefits of folic acid against cancer may depend on when it is taken and on individual conditions. In addition, folic acid may not be helpful, and could even be damaging, in people already suffering from cancer or from a precancerous condition. Likewise, it has been suggested excess folate may promote tumor initiation.[38] Folate has shown to play a dual role in cancer development; low folate intake protects against early carcinogenesis, and high folate intake promotes advanced carcinogenesis.[39] Therefore, public health recommendations should be careful not to encourage too much folate intake.[39]

Diets high in folate are associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer; some studies show the association is stronger for folate from foods alone than for folate from foods and supplements,[40] Colorectal cancer is the most studied type of cancer in relation to folate and one carbon metabolism. One study concluded that there was not strong support for an association between prostate cancer risk and circulating concentrations of folate or vitamin B12. The researchers noted that while elevated concentrations of vitamin B12 may be associated with an increased risk for advanced stage prostate cancer, that this was not true of folic acid and that the association between B12 and cancer risk required examination in other large prospective studies.[41]

Most epidemiologic studies suggest diets high in folate are associated with decreased risk of breast cancer, but results are not uniformly consistent. One broad cancer screening trial reported a potential harmful effect of much folate intake on breast cancer risk, suggesting routine folate supplementation should not be recommended as a breast cancer preventive,[42] but a 2007 Swedish prospective study found much folate intake was associated with a lower incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer.[43] A 2008 study has shown no significant effect of folic acid on overall risk of total invasive cancer or breast cancer among women.[44] Folate intake may not have any effect on the risk of breast cancer but may have an effect for women who consume at least 15 g/d of alcohol.[45] Folate intake of more than 300 µg/d may reduce the risk of breast cancer in women who consume alcohol.[45]

Most research studies associate high dietary folate intake with a reduced risk of prostate cancer.[41] Recently, a clinical trial showed daily supplementation of 1 mg of folic acid increased the risk of prostate cancer, while dietary and plasma folate levels among vitamin nonusers actually decreased the risk of prostate cancer.[46] A Finnish study consisting of 29,133 older male smokers observed prostate cancer risk had no relationship with serum folate levels.[7]

A 2013 study suggested that folate intake might be beneficial in the prevention of alcohol-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. [47][non-primary source needed]"

raw vegetables

[en.wikipedia.org]

"German research in 2003 showed significant benefits in reducing breast cancer risk when large amounts of raw vegetable matter are included in the diet. The authors attribute some of this effect to heat-labile phytonutrients.[18] Sulforaphane, which may be found in vegetables such as broccoli, has been shown to be protective against prostate cancer, however, much of it is destroyed when the vegetable is boiled.[19]"


cooking

[en.wikipedia.org]

"In a human epidemiological analysis by Richard Doll and Richard Peto in 1981, diet was estimated to cause perhaps around 35% of cancers.[20] Some of these cancers may be caused by carcinogens in food generated during cooking process, although it is often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase cancer risk. Many food, such as beef steak and broccoli, contain low concentrations of both carcinogens and anticarcinogens.[21]

Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking meat at high temperature creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done.[22] While eating meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 °F (100 °C) creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%.[22] Nitrosamines, present in processed and cooked foods, have also been noted as being carcinogenic, being linked to colon cancer.

Research has shown that grilling, barbecuing and smoking meat and fish increases levels of carcinogenic Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In Europe, grilled meat and smoked fish generally only contribute a small proportion of dietary PAH intake since they are a minor component of diet – most intake comes from cereals, oils and fats.[23] However, in the US, grilled/barbecued meat is the second highest contributor of the mean daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene at 21% after ‘bread, cereal and grain’ at 29%.[23]

Baking, grilling or broiling food, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates significant concentrations of acrylamide, a possible carcinogen.[24]"


cancer

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Cancer occurs when a single progenitor cell accumulates mutations and other changes in the DNA, histones, and other biochemical compounds that make up the cell's genome. The cell genome controls the structure of the cell's biochemical components, the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell, and the biological interactions of that cell with other cells. Certain combinations of mutations in the given progenitor cell ultimately result in that cell (also called a cancer stem cell) displaying a number of abnormal, malignant cellular properties that, when taken together, are considered characteristic of cancer, including:

- the ability to continue to divide perpetually, producing an exponentially (or near-exponentially) increasing number of new malignant cancerous "daughter cells" (uncontrolled mitosis);

- the ability to penetrate normal body surfaces and barriers, and to bore into or through nearby body structures and tissues (local invasiveness);

- the ability to spread to other sites within the body (metastasize) by penetrating or entering into the lymphatic vessels (regional metastasis) and/or the blood vessels (distant metastasis).


DNA repair

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Because of inherent limitations in the DNA repair mechanisms, if humans lived long enough, they would all eventually develop cancer.[49][50] There are at least 34 Inherited human DNA repair gene mutations that increase cancer risk. Many of these mutations cause DNA repair to be less effective than normal. In particular, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is strongly associated with specific mutations in the DNA mismatch repair pathway. BRCA1 and BRCA2, two famous genes whose mutations confer a hugely increased risk of breast cancer on carriers, are both associated with a large number of DNA repair pathways, especially NHEJ and homologous recombination."


accumulated DNA repair defects

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Individuals with an inherited impairment in DNA repair capability are often at increased risk of cancer.[15] If there is a mutation in a DNA repair gene, the repair gene will either not be expressed or expressed in a mutated form. Consequently the repair function will be deficient or altered, and damages will accumulate. Such DNA damages, if not repaired, cause errors during DNA synthesis leading to mutations that can give rise to cancer. The abbreviated names of the most well studied DNA repair genes (for which a mutation results in an increased risk of cancer) are followed by an abbreviated name of the repair pathway affected, and by the tissue in which cancer develops when the gene is mutated. Below the list is shown the full name of each gene and the affected pathway(s)."



Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 02/13/2013 07:02PM by Panchito.

fruit

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Fruits are generally high in fiber, water, vitamin C and sugars, although this latter varies widely from traces as in lime, to 61% of the fresh weight of the date.[31] Fruits also contain various phytochemicals that do not yet have an RDA/RDI listing under most nutritional factsheets, and which research indicates are required for proper long-term cellular health and disease prevention. Regular consumption of fruit is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease (especially coronary heart disease), stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging.[32]

Diets that include a sufficient amount of potassium from fruits and vegetables also help reduce the chance of developing kidney stones and may help reduce the effects of bone-loss. Fruits are also low in calories which would help lower one's calorie intake as part of a weight-loss diet.[33]"


coenzymes

[en.wikipedia.org]

"A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations."

"Organic cofactors are often vitamins or are made from vitamins. Many contain the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as part of their structures, such as ATP, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD+. This common structure may reflect a common evolutionary origin as part of ribozymes in an ancient RNA world."



enzymes

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Enzymes are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of chemical interconversions that sustain life.[1][2] They are highly selective catalysts, greatly accelerating both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions, from the digestion of food to the synthesis of DNA. Most enzymes are proteins, although some catalytic RNA molecules have been identified. Enzymes adopt a specific three-dimensional structure, and may employ organic (e.g. biotin) and inorganic (e.g. magnesium ion) cofactors to assist in catalysis."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Since the tight control of enzyme activity is essential for homeostasis, any malfunction (mutation, overproduction, underproduction or deletion) of a single critical enzyme can lead to a genetic disease. The importance of enzymes is shown by the fact that a lethal illness can be caused by the malfunction of just one type of enzyme out of the thousands of types present in our bodies.

One example is the most common type of phenylketonuria. A mutation of a single amino acid in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first step in the degradation of phenylalanine, results in build-up of phenylalanine and related products. This can lead to mental retardation if the disease is untreated.[84]

Another example of enzyme deficiency is pseudocholinesterase, in which there is slow metabolic degradation of exogenous choline.[citation needed]

Another example is when germline mutations in genes coding for DNA repair enzymes cause hereditary cancer syndromes such as xeroderma pigmentosum. Defects in these enzymes cause cancer since the body is less able to repair mutations in the genome. This causes a slow accumulation of mutations and results in the development of many types of cancer in the sufferer."


telomerase

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that is an enzyme which adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the 3' end of DNA strands in the telomere regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. This region of repeated nucleotide called telomeres contains noncoding DNA and hinders the loss of important DNA from chromosome ends. As a result, every time the chromosome is copied only 100–200 nucleotides are lost, which causes no damage to the organism's DNA."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The enzyme telomerase allows for replacement of short bits of DNA known as telomeres, which are otherwise shortened when a cell divides via mitosis.

In normal circumstances, without the presence of telomerase, if a cell divides recursively, at some point all the progeny will reach their Hayflick limit.[13] With the presence of telomerase, each dividing cell can replace the lost bit of DNA, and any single cell can then divide unbounded. While this unbounded growth property has excited many researchers, caution is warranted in exploiting this property, as exactly this same unbounded growth is a crucial step in enabling cancerous growth.

Embryonic stem cells express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual. In adults, telomerase is highly expressed in cells that need to divide regularly (e.g., in the immune system), whereas most somatic cells express it only at very low levels in a cell-cycle-dependent manner.[citation needed]

A variety of premature aging syndromes are associated with short telomeres.[14] These include Werner syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia, Ataxia-telangiectasia like disorder, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and Nijmegen breakage syndrome. The genes that have been mutated in these diseases all have roles in the repair of DNA damage, and their precise roles in maintaining telomere length are an active area of investigation.

While it is currently unknown to what extent telomere erosion contributes to the normal aging process, maintenance of DNA in general, and telomeric DNA specifically, has emerged as a major consideration in aging theory. Dr. Michael Fossel has suggested in an interview that telomerase therapies may be used not only to combat cancer but also to actually get around human aging and extend lifespan significantly. He believes human trials of telomerase-based therapies for extending lifespan will occur within the next 10 years. This timeline is significant because it coincides with the retirement of Baby Boomers in the United States and Europe.[citation needed]

Some experiments have raised questions on whether telomerase can be used as an anti-aging therapy, namely, the fact that mice with elevated levels of telomerase have higher cancer incidence and hence do not live longer. Certain premature aging syndromes have been associated with telomere shortening. But, telomerase also favors tumorogenesis, which leads to questions about its potential as an anti-aging therapy.[15] On the other hand, one study showed that activating telomerase in cancer-resistant mice by overexpressing its catalytic subunit extended lifespan.[16] The potential remains for telomerase activators to contribute to the development of cancer.

Exposure of T lymphocytes from HIV-infected human donors to a small molecule telomerase activator (TAT2) retards telomere shortening, increases proliferative potential, and, importantly, enhances cytokine/chemokine production and antiviral activity.[17]

A study that focused on Ashkenazi Jews found that those that live the longest inherit a hyperactive version of telomerase that rebuilds telomeres.[18]

Mice engineered to block the gene that produces telomerase, unless they are given a certain drug, aged at a much faster rate and died at about six months, instead of reaching the average mouse lifespan of about three years. Administering the drug at 6 months turned on telomerase production and caused their organs to be "rejuvenated," restored fertility, and normalized their ability to detect or process odors. The finding raises hope for treatment of conditions such as progeria and other accelerated aging disorders, as well as possible organ regeneration therapies, such as repair of liver damage due to hepatitis or alcoholism.[19][20]

A 2012 study reported that introducing the TERT gene into healthy one-year-old mice using an engineered adeno-associated virus led to a 24% increase in lifespan, without any increase in cancer.[21]


Cancer

When cells are approaching the Hayflick limit in cell cultures, the time to senescence can be extended by the inactivation of the tumor suppressor proteins - p53 and Retinoblastoma protein (pRb)[citation needed]. Cells that have been so-altered will eventually undergo an event termed a "crisis" when the majority of the cells in the culture die. Sometimes, a cell does not stop dividing once it reaches crisis. In a typical situation, the telomeres are lost,[citation needed] and the integrity of the chromosomes declines with every subsequent cell division. Exposed chromosome ends are interpreted as double-stranded breaks (DS in DNA; such damage is usually repaired by reattaching (religating) the broken ends together. When the cell does this due to telomere-shortening, the ends of different chromosomes can be attached together. This temporarily solves the problem of lacking telomeres; but, during anaphase of cell division, the fused chromosomes are randomly ripped apart, causing many mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. As this process continues, the cell's genome becomes unstable. Eventually, either sufficient damage will be done to the cell's chromosomes such that cell dies (via programmed cell death, apoptosis), or an additional mutation that activates telomerase will take place.[citation needed]

With the activation of telomerase, some types of cells and their offspring become immortal, that is, their chromosomes will not become unstable no matter how many cell divisions they undergo (they bypass the Hayflick limit), thus avoiding cell death as long as the conditions for their duplication are met. Many cancer cells are considered 'immortal' because telomerase activity allows them to divide virtually forever, which is why they can form tumors. A good example of cancer cells' immortality is HeLa cells, which have been used in laboratories as a model cell line since 1951.

While this method of modeling human cancer in cell culture is effective and has been used for many years by scientists, it is also very imprecise. The exact changes that allow for the formation of the tumorigenic clones in the above-described experiment are not clear. Scientists have subsequently been able to address this question by the serial introduction of several mutations present in a variety of human cancers. This has led to the understanding of several combinations of mutations that are sufficient for the formation of tumorigenic cells, in a variety of cell types. While the combination varies depending on the cell type, a common theme is that the following alterations are required: activation of TERT, loss of p53 pathway function, loss of pRb pathway function, activation of the Ras or myc proto-oncogenes, and aberration of the PP2A protein phosphatase.[citation needed] That is to say, the cell has an activated telomerase, eliminating the process of death by chromosome instability or loss, absence of apoptosis-induction pathways, and continued activation of mitosis.

This model of cancer in cell culture accurately describes the role of telomerase in actual human tumors. Telomerase activation has been observed in ~90% of all human tumors,[22] suggesting that the immortality conferred by telomerase plays a key role in cancer development. Of the tumors that have not activated TERT,[23] most have found a separate pathway to maintain telomere length termed ALT (Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres).[24] The exact mechanism behind telomere maintenance in the ALT pathway has not been made clear, but likely involves multiple recombination events at the telomere.


Additional roles in cancer, heart disease, diabetes and quality of life

Additional roles for telomerase per work by Elizabeth Blackburn et al., include the upregulation of 70 genes known or suspected in cancers' growth and spread through the body, and the activation of glycolysis, which enables cancer cells to rapidly use sugar to facilitate their programmed growth rate (roughly the growth rate of a fetus).[25]

E. V. Gostjeva et al. (MIT) recently imaged colon cancer stem cells and compared them to fetal colon stem cells trying to make a new colon; they were the same.[citation needed]

Elizabeth Blackburn et al. UCSF has shown work that reveals that mothers caring for their very sick children have shorter telomeres when they report that their emotional stress is at the greatest point. She also found telomerase active at the site of blockages in coronary artery tissue. This could be why heart attacks can come on so suddenly: Telomerase is driving the growth of the blockage.

In 2009, it was shown that the amount of telomerase activity significantly increased due to psychological stress. Across the sample of patients telomerase activity increased by 18% one hour after the end of the stress. Telomerase activity was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.[26]

A study in 2010 found that there was "significantly greater" telomerase activity in participants than controls after a three-month meditation retreat.[27]

According to a 2007 study, there is no correlation between socio-economic status and telomere length.[28]

Telomerase deficiency has been linked to diabetes mellitus and impaired insulin secretion in mice, due to loss of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.[29]

Blackburn and the two other co-discoverers of telomerase won the Lasker Award (2006), and the Nobel Prize (2009) for the discovery of telomerase and subsequent work on telomerase. Blackburn also won the 2006 Gruber Genetics Prize for same."

soursop, cherimoya?, custard apple?

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Nutritionally, the fruit is high in carbohydrates, particularly fructose.[citation needed] The fruit also contains significant amounts of vitamin C, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2.[3]

Preliminary In Vitro laboratory research suggests that Graviola may have potential to treat some infections.[4][5][6][7][8]

Research carried out in the Caribbean has suggested a connection between consumption of soursop and atypical forms of Parkinson's disease due to the very high concentration of annonacin.[9][10][11][12]

According to Cancer Research UK, Annona muricata is an active principle in an unlicensed herbal remedy marketed under the brand name Triamazon.[13][14] Triamazon is not licensed for medicinal use and the sale of the product resulted in a conviction on four counts of selling unlicensed medical products, and other charges, for a vendor in the United Kingdom.[15]"

[7] "Selective growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by graviola fruit extract in vitro and in vivo involving downregulation of EGFR expression"

[14] "Can graviola cure cancer?". Cancer Research UK.


papaya

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Other preliminary research indicates alternate possible effects which remain to be further studied. Papaya juice has an in vitro antiproliferative effect on liver cancer cells, possibly due to lycopene.[20] or immune system stimulation.[21] Papaya seeds might contain antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella typhi.[22] Papaya seed extract may have effects in toxicity-induced kidney failure.[23]"


exercise, salt

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Diet, physical inactivity, and obesity are related to approximately 30–35% of cancer deaths.[2][20] In the United States excess body weight is associated with the development of many types of cancer and is a factor in 14–20% of all cancer deaths.[20] Physical inactivity is believed to contribute to cancer risk not only through its effect on body weight but also through negative effects on immune system and endocrine system.[20]

Diets that are low in vegetables, fruits and whole grains, and high in processed or red meats are linked with a number of cancers.[20] A high salt diet is linked to gastric cancer, aflatoxin B1, a frequent food contaminate, with liver cancer, and Betel nut chewing with oral cancer.[21] This may partly explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries for example gastric cancer is more common in Japan with its high salt diet[22] and colon cancer is more common in the United States. Immigrants develop the risk of their new country, often within one generation, suggesting a substantial link between diet and cancer.[23]"

tomatoes

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Tomatoes are now eaten freely throughout the world, and their consumption is believed[who?] to benefit the heart, among other organs. They contain the carotene lycopene, one of the most powerful natural antioxidants. In some studies, lycopene, especially in cooked tomatoes, has been found to help prevent prostate cancer,[29] but other research contradicts this claim.[30] Lycopene has also been shown to improve the skin's ability to protect against harmful UV rays.[31] A study done by researchers at Manchester and Newcastle universities revealed that tomato can protect against sunburn and help keeping the skin looking youthful.[32] Natural genetic variation in tomatoes and their wild relatives has given a genetic plethora of genes that produce lycopene, carotene, anthocyanin, and other antioxidants. Tomato varieties are available with double the normal vitamin C (Doublerich), 40 times normal vitamin A (97L97), high levels of anthocyanin (resulting in blue tomatoes), and two to four times the normal amount of lycopene (numerous available cultivars with the high crimson gene).

Medicinal properties

Lycopene has also been shown to protect against oxidative damage in many epidemiological and experimental studies. In addition to its antioxidant activity, other metabolic effects of lycopene have also been demonstrated. The richest source of lycopene in the diet is tomato and tomato derived products.[33] Tomato consumption has been associated with decreased risk of breast cancer,[34] head and neck cancers[35] and might be strongly protective against neurodegenerative diseases.[36][37][38] Tomatoes, tomato sauces and puree are said to help lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH) and may have anticancer properties.[39] Tomato consumption might be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 diabetes.[40]"


cherries

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Cherries contain anthocyanins, the red pigment in berries. Cherry anthocyanins have been shown to reduce pain and inflammation in rats.[38] Anthocyanins are also potent antioxidants under active research for a variety of potential health benefits. According to a study funded by the Cherry Marketing Institute, presented at the Experimental Biology 2008 meeting in San Diego, rats that received whole tart cherry powder mixed into a high-fat diet did not gain as much weight or build up as much body fat, and their blood showed much lower levels of inflammation indicators that have been linked to heart disease and diabetes. In addition, they had significantly lower blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides than the other rats.[39]"

anthocyanins = [en.wikipedia.org]

"Richly concentrated as pigments in berries, anthocyanins were the topics of research presented at a 2007 symposium on health benefits that may result from berry consumption.[38] Laboratory-based evidence was provided to demonstrate potential health effects against:

cancer
aging and neurological diseases
inflammation
diabetes
bacterial infections
fibrocystic disease[39]

A growing body of evidence suggests anthocyanins and anthocyanidins may possess analgesic properties in addition to neuroprotective and anti-in?ammatory activities.[40]

In vitro, anthocyanins possess MAO inhibitory activity for both MAO-A and MAO-B; MAO function is connected to neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and anxiety. The relevance to humans of anthocyanins and MAO activity requires further research, however.[41]

Anthocyanins also fluoresce; combined with their antioxidant properties, this can be a powerful tool for plant cell research, allowing live cell imaging for extended periods of time without a requirement for other fluorophores.[42]
Cancer research

Cancer research on anthocyanins is the most advanced, where black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) preparations were first used to inhibit chemically induced cancer of the rat esophagus by 30-60% and of the colon by up to 80%.[38][43] Effective at both the initiation and promotion/progression stages of tumor development, black raspberries are a practical research tool and a promising therapeutic source, as they contain the richest contents of anthocyanins among native North American Rubus berries.[8]

Work on laboratory cancer models has shown black raspberry anthocyanins inhibit promotion and progression of tumor cells by:

stalling growth of premalignant cells
accelerating the rate of cell turnover, apoptosis, effectively making the cancer cells die faster
reducing inflammatory mediators that initiate tumor onset
inhibiting growth of new blood vessels that nourish tumors, a process called angiogenesis
minimizing cancer-induced DNA damage

On a molecular level, berry anthocyanins were shown to turn off genes involved with tumor proliferation, inflammation and angiogenesis,[44][45][46] while switching on apoptosis.[47][48]

In 2007, studies entered the next pivotal level of research – the human clinical trial – for which several approved studies are underway to examine anticancer effects of black raspberries and cranberries on tumors in the esophagus, prostate and colon.[49]"


chlorella

[en.wikipedia.org]

"It is an attractive potential food source because it is high in protein and other essential nutrients; when dried, it is about 45% protein, 20% fat, 20% carbohydrate, 5% fibre, and 10% minerals and vitamins. Mass-production methods are now being used to cultivate it in large artificial circular ponds. It is also abundant in calories, fat, and vitamins.[3]

When first harvested, Chlorella was suggested as a "dirt-cheap" protein supplement to the human diet. Advocates sometimes focus on other supposed health benefits of the algae, such as claims of weight control, cancer prevention, and immune system support.[3]

Under certain growing conditions, Chlorella yields oils that are high in polyunsaturated fats—Chlorella minutissima has yielded EPA at 39.9% of total lipids.[4]

One small (35 participant) study suggested Chlorella supplementation has a positive effect on the reduction of dioxin levels in breast milk and it may also have beneficial effects on nursing infants by increasing the IgA levels in breast milk.[5]"


raspberry

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The aggregate fruit structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in whole foods, up to 20% fiber per total weight. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C, with 30 mg per serving of 1 cup (about 50% daily value), manganese (about 60% daily value) and dietary fiber (30% daily value). B vitamins 1–3, folic acid, magnesium, copper, and iron are present in raspberries.[5]

Raspberries contain anthocyanin pigments, ellagic acid (from ellagotannins, see for instance the polyphenol ellagitannin), quercetin, gallic acid, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid.[6] Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanins.

Animal research indicates antioxidant and antiproliferative (chemopreventive) effects may be associated with phenolics and flavonoids in various foods, including raspberries.[7][8][9]

Raspberries are a low-glycemic index food, as are other berries."

gallic acid = [en.wikipedia.org]

"Gallic acid seems to have anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. Gallic acid acts as an antioxidant and helps to protect human cells against oxidative damage. Gallic acid was found to show cytotoxicity against cancer cells, without harming healthy cells. Gallic acid is used as a remote astringent in cases of internal haemorrhage. Gallic acid is also used to treat albuminuria and diabetes. Some ointments to treat psoriasis and external haemorrhoids contain gallic acid.[5]"



Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 02/18/2013 02:07PM by Panchito.

SOME "CULTURAL FOODS" TO AVOID. WHAT COMPANIES DON'T WANT YOU TO KNOW



milk

[en.wikipedia.org]

"A study demonstrated that men who drink a large amount of milk and consume dairy products were at a slightly increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease; the effect for women was smaller.[85] The reason behind this is not fully understood, and it also remains unclear why there is less of a risk for women.[85][86] Several sources suggest a correlation between high calcium intake (2000 mg per day, or twice the US recommended daily allowance, equivalent to six or more glasses of milk per day) and prostate cancer.[87] A large study specifically implicates dairy, i.e. low-fat milk and other dairy to which vitamin A palmitate has been added.[88][89]

A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least eleven human population studies have linked excessive dairy product consumption and prostate cancer.[90][91]

Medical studies also have shown a possible link between milk consumption and the exacerbation of diseases such as Crohn's disease,[92] Hirschsprung's disease–mimicking symptoms in babies with existing cow's milk allergies,[93] and the aggravation of Behçet's disease.[94]

Bovine growth hormone supplementation

Since November 1993, with FDA approval,[95] Monsanto has been selling recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), also called rBGH, to dairy farmers. Cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally, but some producers administer an additional recombinant version of BGH which is produced through a genetically engineered E. coli because it increases milk production. Bovine growth hormone also stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Monsanto has stated that both of these compounds are harmless given the levels found in milk and the effects of pasteurization.[96]

On June 9, 2006, the largest milk processor in the world and the two largest supermarkets in the United States – Dean Foods, Wal-Mart, and Kroger – announced that they are "on a nationwide search for rBGH-free milk."[97] Milk from cows given rBST may be sold in the United States, and the FDA stated that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST-treated and that from non-rBST-treated cows.[98] Milk that advertises that it comes from cows not treated with rBST, is required to state this finding on its label.

Cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as mastitis.[99] Problems with mastitis have led to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan banning milk from rBST treated cows. Mastitis, among other diseases, may be responsible for the fact that levels of white blood cells in milk vary naturally.[100][101]

In the European Union, rBGH is banned.[102]"


meat

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Due to the many studies that have found a link between red meat intake and colorectal cancer,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] the American Institute for Cancer Research and World Cancer Research Fund stated that there is convincing evidence that red meat intake increases the risk for colorectal cancer.[19]

Professor Sheila Bingham of the Dunn Human Nutrition Unit attributes this to the haemoglobin and myoglobin molecules which are found in red meat. She suggests these molecules, when ingested trigger a process called nitrosation in the gut which leads to the formation of carcinogens.[20][21][22] Others have suggested that it is due to the presence of carcinogenic compounds called heterocyclic amines, which are created in the cooking process.[12][23][24] However, this may not be limited to red meat, since a study from the Harvard School of Public Health found that people who ate skinless chicken five times or more per week had a 52% higher risk of developing bladder cancer although not people who ate chicken with skin or other red meats such as hot dogs and Hamburgers.[25]

A 2011 study of 17,000 individuals found that people consuming the most grilled and well-done meat had a 56 and 59% higher rate of cancer.[26]

Other cancers

There is suggestive evidence that red meat intake increases the risk of oesophageal, lung, pancreatic and endometrial cancer.[19] As a result, they recommend limiting intake of red meat to less than 300g (11 oz) cooked weight per week, "very little, if any of which to be processed."[27]

Some studies have linked consumption of large amounts of red meat with breast cancer,[28][29] stomach cancer,[30] lymphoma,[31] bladder cancer,[32] lung cancer[33] and prostate cancer[32][34][35] (although other studies have found no relationship between red meat and prostate cancer[36][37]).

A 2011 study of almost 500,000 participants found that those in the highest quintile of red meat consumption had a 19% increased risk of kidney cancer.[38]
Cardiovascular diseases

The consensus on the role of red meat consumption to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases has changed in recent years. Studies that differentiate between processed and fresh red meat have failed to find a link between unprocessed red meat consumption and heart disease. A major Harvard University meta-study [39][40] in 2010 involving over one million people who ate meat found that only processed meat had an adverse risk in relation to coronary heart disease. The study suggests that eating 50g (less than 2oz) of processed meat per day increases risk of coronary heart disease by 42%, and diabetes by 19%. Equivalent levels of fat, including saturated fats, in unprocessed red meat (even when eating twice as much per day) did not show any deleterious effects, leading the researchers to suggest that "differences in salt and preservatives, rather than fats, might explain the higher risk of heart disease and diabetes seen with processed meats, but not with unprocessed red meats."

Some older studies have associated red meat (processed and unprocessed) consumption with cardiovascular diseases, possibly because of its high content of saturated fat.[32] Specifically, increased beef intake is associated with ischemic heart disease.[32] Some mechanisms that have been suggested for why red meat consumption is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease include: its impact on serum cholesterol,[41] that red meat contains arachidonic acid,[42] heme iron,[43] and homocysteine.[44]

A 1999 study funded by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, an advocacy group for beef producers, involved 191 persons with high cholesterol on diets where at least 80% of the meat intake came from either lean red meat in one group, or lean white meat in another. The results of this study showed nearly identical cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in both groups. This study suggests that lean red meat may play a role in a low-fat diet for persons with high cholesterol.[45][46]

Red meat consumption is also associated with acute coronary syndrome,[47] as well as stroke.[48] It has also been associated with greater intima-media thickness, an indicator of atherosclerosis.[49]

A 2008 article published in Nature found that red meat consumption was "strongly associated" with increased odds of acute coronary syndrome, with those eating more than 8 servings of red meat per month being 4.9 times more likely to have cardiac events than those eating less than four servings per month.[50]

A 21 year follow up of about thirty thousand Seventh-day Adventists (adventists are known for presenting a "health message" that recommends vegetarianism) found that people who ate red meat daily were 60% more likely to die of heart disease than those who ate red meat less than once per week.[51]

The Seven Countries Study found a significant correlation between red meat consumption and risk of CHD.[52] A significant relationship between red meat and CHD has been found specifically for women,[53] most strongly with regards to processed red meat.[54]

A 2009 study by the National Cancer Institute revealed a correlation between the consumption of red meat and increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases, as well as increased mortality from all causes.[55] This study has been criticized for using an improperly validated food frequency questionnaire,[56] which has been shown to have low levels of accuracy.[57][58]

Diabetes

Red meat intake has been associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes.[59][60][61] Interventions in which red meat is removed from the diet can lower albuminuria levels.[62] Replacing red meat with a low protein or chicken diet can improve glomerular filtration rate.[63]

Other findings have suggested that the association may be due to saturated fat, trans fat and dietary cholesterol, rather than red meat per se.[61][64][65] An additional confound is that diets high in processed meat could increase the risk for developing Type 2 diabetes.[66]

One study estimated that “substitutions of one serving of nuts, low-fat dairy, and whole grains per day for one serving of red meat per day were associated with a 16–35% lower risk of type 2 diabetes”.[67]
Obesity

The Diogenes project used data from ninety thousand men and women over about seven years and found that "higher intake of total protein, and protein from animal sources was associated with subsequent weight gain for both genders, strongest among women, and the association was mainly attributable to protein from red and processed meat and poultry rather than from fish and dairy sources. There was no overall association between intake of plant protein and subsequent changes in weight."[68] They also found an association between red meat consumption and increased waist circumference.

A 1998 survey of about five thousand vegetarian and non-vegetarian people found that vegetarians had about 30% lower BMIs.[69] A 2006 survey of fifty thousand women found that those with higher "western diet pattern" scores gained about two more kilograms over the course of four years than those who lowered their scores.[70]

A ten-year follow up of 80,000 men and women found that "ten-year changes in body mass index was associated positively with meat consumption" as well as with weight gain at the waist.[71] In a Mediterranean population of 8,000 men and women, meat consumption was significantly associated with weight gain.[72] Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed "consistent positive associations between meat consumption and BMI, waist circumference, obesity and central obesity."[73]

A survey of twins found that processed meat intake was associated with weight gain.[74] Western diets, which include higher consumption of red meats, are often associated with obesity.[75][76]"


sheep

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Excessive stress can compromise the immune system.[99] "Shipping fever" (pneumonic mannheimiosis, formerly called pasteurellosis) is a disease of particular concern, that can occur as a result of stress, notably during transport and (or) handling.[100][101] Pain, fear and several other stressors can cause secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline). Considerable epinephrine secretion in the final days before slaughter can adversely affect meat quality (by causing glycogenolysis, removing the substrate for normal post-slaughter acidification of meat) and result in meat becoming more susceptible to colonization by spoilage bacteria.[97] Because of such issues, low-stress handling is essential in sheep management. Avoiding poisoning is also important; common poisons are pesticide sprays, inorganic fertilizer, motor oil, as well as radiator coolant containing ethylene glycol.[102]
A sheep infected with orf, a disease transmittable to humans through skin contact

Common forms of preventive medication for sheep are vaccinations and treatments for parasites. Both external and internal parasites are the most prevalent malady in sheep, and are either fatal, or reduce the productivity of flocks.[7] Worms are the most common internal parasites. They are ingested during grazing, incubate within the sheep, and are expelled through the digestive system (beginning the cycle again). Oral anti-parasitic medicines, known as drenches, are given to a flock to treat worms, sometimes after worm eggs in the feces has been counted to assess infestation levels. Afterwards, sheep may be moved to a new pasture to avoid ingesting the same parasites.[16] External sheep parasites include: lice (for different parts of the body), sheep keds, nose bots, sheep itch mites, and maggots. Keds are blood-sucking parasites that cause general malnutrition and decreased productivity, but are not fatal. Maggots are those of the bot fly and the blow-fly. Fly maggots cause the extremely destructive condition of flystrike. Flies lay their eggs in wounds or wet, manure-soiled wool; when the maggots hatch they burrow into a sheep's flesh, eventually causing death if untreated. In addition to other treatments, crutching (shearing wool from a sheep's rump) is a common preventive method. Some countries allow mulesing, a practice that involves stripping away the skin on the rump to prevent fly-strike, normally performed when the sheep is a lamb.[103][104] Nose bots are fly larvae that inhabit a sheep's sinuses, causing breathing difficulties and discomfort. Common signs are a discharge from the nasal passage, sneezing, and frantic movement such as head shaking. External parasites may be controlled through the use of backliners, sprays or immersive sheep dips.[7]

A wide array of bacterial and viral diseases affect sheep. Diseases of the hoof, such as foot rot and foot scald may occur, and are treated with footbaths and other remedies. These painful conditions cause lameness and hinder feeding. Ovine Johne's disease is a wasting disease that affects young sheep. Bluetongue disease is an insect-borne illness causing fever and inflammation of the mucous membranes. Ovine rinderpest (or peste des petits ruminants) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease affecting sheep and goats.

A few sheep conditions are transmissible to humans. Orf (also known as scabby mouth, contagious ecthyma or soremouth) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Cutaneous anthrax is also called woolsorter's disease, as the spores can be transmitted in unwashed wool. More seriously, the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic abortion in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women. Also of concern are the prion disease scrapie and the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as both can devastate flocks. The latter poses a slight risk to humans. During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK, hundreds of sheep were culled and some rare British breeds were at risk of extinction due to this.[7]"

chicken

[en.wikipedia.org]

"However according to a 2006 Harvard School of Public Health study of 135,000 people, people who ate grilled skinless chicken 5 or more times a week had a 52 percent higher chance of developing bladder cancer compared to people who didn’t. However, such strong associations were not found in individuals regularly consuming chicken with skin intact.[11]
Use of Roxarsone in chicken production

In many factory farms, chickens are routinely administered with the feed additive Roxarsone, a relatively benign organoarsenic compound which partially decomposes into inorganic arsenic compounds in the flesh of chickens, and in their feces, which are often used as a fertilizer.[12] The compound is used to control stomach pathogens and promote growth. A Consumer Reports study in 2004 reported finding "no detectable arsenic in our samples of muscle" but found "A few of our chicken-liver samples has an amount that according to EPA standards could cause neurological problems in a child who ate 2 ounces of cooked liver per week or in an adult who ate 5.5 ounces per week." However, the amounts found in these livers averaged to 460 part per billion; an amount still less than the 2,000 parts per billion limit set by the FDA.[13] The FDA has found there to be no significant impact for the use of Roxarsone in the production of chicken, turkey or swine.[14]

Antibiotic resistance

Information obtained by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (CIPARS) “strongly indicates that cephalosporin resistance in humans is moving in lockstep with use of the drug in poultry production.” According to the Canadian Medical Association Journal, the unapproved antibiotic ceftiofur is routinely injected into eggs in Quebec and Ontario to discourage infection of hatchlings. Although the data are contested by the industry, antibiotic resistance in humans appears to be directly related to the antibiotic's use in eggs.[15]

A recent study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that nearly half (47%) percent of the meat and poultry in US grocery stores were contaminated with S. aureus, with more than half (52%) of those bacteria resistant to antibiotics.[16]"





Edited 2 time(s). Last edit at 02/19/2013 02:05PM by Panchito.

CONTINUATION. "CULTURAL FOODS" TO AVOID



seafood

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Fish and shellfish have a natural tendency to concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of methylmercury, a highly toxic organic compound of mercury. Species of fish that are high on the food chain, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel, albacore tuna, and tilefish contain higher concentrations of mercury than others. This is because mercury is stored in the muscle tissues of fish, and when a predatory fish eats another fish, it assumes the entire body burden of mercury in the consumed fish. Since fish are less efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, fish-tissue concentrations increase over time. Thus species that are high on the food chain amass body burdens of mercury that can be ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification. The first occurrence of widespread mercury poisoning in humans occurred this way in Minamata, Japan, now called Minamata disease.

Shellfish are among the more common food allergens.[57]"

"Research into population trends of various species of seafood is pointing to a global collapse of seafood species by 2048. Such a collapse would occur due to pollution and overfishing, threatening oceanic ecosystems, according to some researchers.[58]

A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in the journal Science found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years.[59] In July 2009, Boris Worm of Dalhousie University, the author of the November 2006 study in Science, co-authored an update on the state of the world's fisheries with one of the original study's critics, Ray Hilborn of the University of Washington at Seattle. The new study found that through good fisheries management techniques even depleted fish stocks can be revived and made commercially viable again.[60]

The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information is available, "approximately one-quarter were overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding."[61]

The National Fisheries Institute, a trade advocacy group representing the United States seafood industry, disagree. They claim that currently observed declines in fish population are due to natural fluctuations and that enhanced technologies will eventually alleviate whatever impact humanity is having on oceanic life.[62]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Allergens

A seafood allergy is a hypersensitivity to an allergen which can be present in fish, particularly in shellfish. This can result in an overreaction of the immune system and lead to severe physical symptoms.[9] Most people who have a food allergy also have a seafood allergy.[10] Allergic reactions can result from ingesting seafood, or by breathing in vapours from preparing or cooking seafood.[11] The most severe seafood allergy reaction is anaphylaxis, an emergency requiring immediate attention. It is treated with epinephrine.[12]
Specially prepared dish of the poisonous blowfish fugu, Japan
Biotoxins

Some species of fish, notably the puffer fugu used for sushi, and some kinds of shellfish, can result in serious poisoning if not prepared properly. These fish always contain these poisons as a defense against predators; it is not present due to environmental circumstances. Particularly, fugu has a lethal dose of tetrodotoxin in its internal organs and must be prepared by a licensed fugu chef who has passed the national examination in Japan. Ciguatera poisoning can occur from eating larger fish from warm tropical waters, such as sea bass, grouper, and red snapper.[13] Scombroid poisoning can result from eating large oily fish which have sat around for too long before being refrigerated or frozen. This includes scombroids such as tuna and mackerel, but can also include non-scombroids such as mahi-mahi and amberjack.[13] The poison is odourless and tasteless.[14]

A lot of fish eat algae and other organisms that contain biotoxins (defensive substances against predators). Biotoxins accumulated in fish/shellfish include brevetoxins, okadaic acid, saxitoxins, ciguatoxin and domoic acid. Except for ciguatoxine, high levels of these toxins are only found in shellfish. Both domoic acid and ciguatoxine can be deadly to humans; the others will only cause diarrhea, dizzyness and a (temporary) feeling of claustrophobia.[15][16]

Shellfish are filter feeders and, therefore, accumulate toxins produced by microscopic algae, such as dinoflagellates and diatoms, and cyanobacteria. There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning which can result in humans, sea mammals, and birds from the ingestion of toxic shellfish. These are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs, such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.[17] Fish, like anchovies can also concentrate toxins such as domoic acid.[18] If suspected, medical attention should be sought."

"The toxins responsible for most shellfish and fish poisonings, including ciguatera and scombroid poisoning, are heat-resistant to the point where conventional cooking methods do not eliminate them.[14]

Mercury and other toxic metals

Fish products have been shown to contain varying amounts of heavy or toxic metals. Toxicity is a function of solubility, and insoluble compounds often exhibit negligible toxicity. Organometallic forms such as dimethyl mercury and tetraethyl lead can be extremely toxic."

"If fish and shellfish inhabit polluted waters, they can accumulate other toxic chemicals, particularly fat-soluble pollutants containing chlorine or bromine, dioxins or PCBs.[35] Fish that is to be eaten should be caught in unpolluted water. Some organisations such as SeafoodWatch, RIKILT, Environmental Defense Fund, IMARES provide information on species that do not accumulate much toxins/metals.[36][37][38][39]"

"Parasites in fish are a natural occurrence and common. Though not a health concern in thoroughly cooked fish, parasites are a concern when consumers eat raw or lightly preserved fish such as sashimi, sushi, ceviche, and gravlax. The popularity of such raw fish dishes makes it important for consumers to be aware of this risk. Raw fish should be frozen to an internal temperature of ?20°C (?4°F) for at least 7 days to kill parasites. It is important to be aware that home freezers may not be cold enough to kill parasites.[44][45]

Traditionally, fish that live all or part of their lives in fresh water were considered unsuitable for sashimi due to the possibility of parasites (see Sashimi article). Parasitic infections from freshwater fish are a serious problem in some parts of the world, particularly Southeast Asia[citation needed]. Fish that spend part of their life cycle in brackish or freshwater, like salmon are a particular problem. A study in Seattle, Washington showed that 100% of wild salmon had roundworm larvae capable of infecting people. In the same study farm raised salmon did not have any roundworm larvae.[46]

Parasite infection by raw fish is rare in the developed world (fewer than 40[47] cases per year in the U.S.), and involves mainly three kinds of parasites: Clonorchis sinensis (a trematode/fluke), Anisakis (a nematode/roundworm) and Diphyllobothrium (a cestode/tapeworm).[47] Infection risk of anisakis is particularly higher in fishes which may live in a river such as salmon (sake) in Salmonidae or mackerel (saba). Such parasite infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing overnight. In Japan it is common to eat raw salmon and ikura, but these foods are frozen overnight prior to eating to prevent infections from parasites, particularly anisakis."


pork

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Pork is known to carry some diseases such as pork tapeworm and trichinosis, thus uncooked or undercooked pork can be dangerous to consume.

Undercooked or untreated pork may harbour pathogens, or can be recontaminated after cooking if left exposed for a long period of time. In one instance, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) detected Listeria monocytogenes in 460 lbs of Polidori brand fully cooked pork sausage crumbles, although no one was made ill from consumption of the product.[26] The FSIS has previously stated Listeria and other microorganisms will be "destroyed by proper handling and thorough cooking to an internal temperature of 160 °F (71 °C)" and that other microorganisms, such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in inadequately cooked pork, poultry, and other meats.[27] The FSIS currently recommends cooking ground pork to 160 °F (71 °C) and whole cuts to 145 °F (63 °C) followed by a 3-minute rest.[28]

The pig is the carrier of various helminths, such as roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, etc. One of the most dangerous and common is Taenia solium, a type of tapeworm. Tapeworms may transplant to the intestines of humans, as well, when they consume uncooked or undercooked meat from pigs or other animals. If the infection is not treated, it can be fatal.

Although not a common cause of illness, Yersinia enterocolitica – which causes gastroenteritis – is present in various foods, but is most frequently caused by eating uncooked or undercooked pork and can grow in refrigerated conditions. The bacteria can be killed by heat.[29] Nearly all outbreaks in the US have been traced to pork.[30]

Pork may be the reservoir responsible for sporadic, locally acquired cases of acute hepatitis E (HEV) reported in regions with relatively mild climates. It has been found to transmit between swine and humans.[31]
Vacuum packed pork loin fillets

Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm. Infection was once very common, but is now rare in the developed world. From 2002 to 2007, an annual average of 11 cases per year were reported in the United States; the majority were from consuming wild game or the source was unknown. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game products.[32]"



beef

[en.wikipedia.org]

"A study released in 2007 by the World Cancer Research Fund reported "strong evidence that red meat [defined as 'beef, pork, lamb, and goat from domesticated animals'] and processed meats are causes of bowel cancer" and recommended that people eat less than 500 grams (18 oz) of cooked red meat weekly, and as little processed meat as possible. The report also recommended that average consumption in populations should not exceed 300 grams (11 oz) per week, stating this goal "corresponds to the level of consumption of red meat at which the risk of colorectal cancer can clearly be seen to rise."[23]

Cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease

The Harvard School of Public Health also recommends consumers eat red meat sparingly as it has high levels of undesirable saturated fat.[24] This recommendation is not without controversy, though. Another study from The Harvard School of Public Health appearing in Circulation (journal) found "Consumption of processed meats, but not red meats, is associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus."[25]

This finding tended to confirm an earlier meta-analysis of the nutritional effects of saturated fat in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition which found "[P]rospective epidemiologic studies showed that there is no significant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease or cardiovascular disease. More data are needed to elucidate whether cardiovascular disease risks are likely to be influenced by the specific nutrients used to replace saturated fat."[26]

Dioxins

Some cattle raised in the United States feed on pastures fertilized with sewage sludge. Elevated dioxins may be present in meat from these cattle.[27][28]"



eggs

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Chickens and other egg-laying creatures are widely kept throughout the world, and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens.[4] There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production, with the European Union's ban on battery farming of chickens."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"A health issue associated with eggs is contamination by pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella enteritidis. Contamination of eggs exiting a female bird via the cloaca may also occur with other members of the Salmonella genus, so care must be taken to prevent the egg shell from becoming contaminated with fecal matter. In commercial practice, eggs are quickly washed with a sanitizing solution within minutes of being laid. The risk of infection from raw or undercooked eggs is dependent in part upon the sanitary conditions under which the hens are kept.

Health experts advise people to refrigerate eggs, use them within two weeks, cook them thoroughly, and never consume raw eggs.[31] As with meat, containers and surfaces that have been used to process raw eggs should not come in contact with ready-to-eat food.

A study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2002 (Risk Analysis April 2002 22(2):203-18) suggests the problem is not as prevalent as once thought. It showed that of the 69 billion eggs produced annually, only 2.3 million are contaminated with Salmonella—equivalent to just one in every 30,000 eggs—thus showing Salmonella infection is quite rarely induced by eggs. However, this has not been the case in other countries, where Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium infections due to egg consumptions are major concerns.[45][46][47] Egg shells act as hermetic seals that guard against bacteria entering, but this seal can be broken through improper handling or if laid by unhealthy chickens. Most forms of contamination enter through such weaknesses in the shell. In the UK, the British Egg Industry Council award the lions stamp to eggs that, among other things, come from hens that have been vaccinated against Salmonella.[48][49][50]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Commercial factory farming operations often involve raising the hens in small, crowded cages, preventing the chickens from engaging in natural behaviors, such as wing-flapping, dust-bathing, scratching, pecking, perching and nest-building. Such restrictions can lead to pacing and escape behavior.[62]

Many hens confined to battery cages, and some raised in cage-free conditions, are debeaked to prevent harming each other and cannibalism. According to critics of the practice, this can cause hens severe pain to the point where some may refuse to eat and starve to death. Some hens may be force molted to increase egg quality and production level after the molting.[63] Molting can be induced by extended feed withdrawal, water withdrawal or controlled lighting programs.

Laying hens are often slaughtered between 100 and 130 weeks of age, when their egg productivity starts to decline.[64] Due to modern selective breeding, laying hen strains differ from meat production strains. As male birds of the laying strain do not lay eggs and are not suitable for meat production, they are generally culled en masse after hatching.[65]"





Edited 2 time(s). Last edit at 02/19/2013 02:44PM by Panchito.

Wow, Panchito, this was a lot of work! Thanks for this - I saved it in my Nutrition folder.

In his two books, Diet & Salad and Fresh Vegetable and Fruit Juices, Dr. Norman Walker lists the nutritional properties of fruits and vegetables and gives recommendations for juices to heal various ailments.

no pro KR. The fruit most beneficial to cure cancer according to wikipedia is blackberries (juice them or eat them). But probably they all do a little of their magic. People are used to rely on doctors and drugs.

CONTINUATION. "CULTURAL FOODS" TO AVOID



wheat

[en.wikipedia.org]

"In 2010 world production of wheat was 651 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize (844 million tons) and rice (672 million tons).[2] In 2009, world production of wheat was 682 million tons, making it the second most-produced cereal after maize (817 million tons), and with rice as close third (679 million tons).[3]"

"Wheat was a key factor enabling the emergence of city-based societies at the start of civilization because it was one of the first crops that could be easily cultivated on a large scale, and had the additional advantage of yielding a harvest that provides long-term storage of food. Wheat contributed to the emergence of city-states in the Fertile Crescent, including the Babylonian and Assyrian empires. Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads, biscuits, cookies, cakes, breakfast cereal, pasta, noodles, couscous[5] and for fermentation to make beer,[6] other alcoholic beverages,[7] or biofuel.[8]"

"Commercial hybrid wheat seed has been produced using chemical hybridizing agents; these chemicals selectively interfere with pollen development, or naturally occurring cytoplasmic male sterility systems. Hybrid wheat has been a limited commercial success in Europe (particularly France), the USA and South Africa.[25] "

"In 2010, a team of UK scientists funded by BBSRC announced they had decoded the wheat genome for the first time (95% of the genome of a variety of wheat known as Chinese Spring line 42).[28] This genome was released in a basic format for scientists and plant breeders to use but was not a fully annotated sequence which was reported in some of the media.[29]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The major breeding objectives include high grain yield, good quality, disease and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses include mineral, moisture and heat tolerance. The major diseases in temperate environments include the following, arranged in a rough order of their significance from cooler to warmer climates: eyespot, Stagonospora nodorum blotch (also known as glume blotch), yellow or stripe rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici blotch (sometimes known as leaf blotch), brown or leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, tan spot and stem rust. In tropical areas, spot blotch (also known as Helminthosporium leaf blight) is also important."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Raw wheat can be ground into flour or, using hard durum wheat only, can be ground into semolina; germinated and dried creating malt; crushed or cut into cracked wheat; parboiled (or steamed), dried, crushed and de-branned into bulgur also known as groats. If the raw wheat is broken into parts at the mill, as is usually done, the outer husk or bran can be used several ways. Wheat is a major ingredient in such foods as bread, porridge, crackers, biscuits, Muesli, pancakes, pies, pastries, cakes, cookies, muffins, rolls, doughnuts, gravy, boza (a fermented beverage), and breakfast cereals (e.g., Wheatena, Cream of Wheat, Shredded Wheat, and Wheaties)."

"Wheat is grown on more than 240,000,000 hectares (590,000,000 acres), larger than for any other crop. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. With rice, wheat is the world's most favored staple food."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Wheat is widely cultivated as a cash crop because it produces a good yield per unit area, grows well in a temperate climate even with a moderately short growing season, and yields a versatile, high-quality flour that is widely used in baking."

"In recent years, low international wheat prices have often encouraged farmers in the USA to change to more profitable crops. In 1998, the price at harvest was $2.68 per bushel. A USDA report[47] revealed that in 1998, average operating costs were $1.43 per bushel and total costs were $3.97 per bushel. In that study, farm wheat yields averaged 41.7 bushels per acre (2.2435 metric ton/hectare), and typical total wheat production value was $31,900 per farm, with total farm production value (including other crops) of $173,681 per farm, plus $17,402 in government payments."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Wheat normally needs between 110 and 130 days between sowing and harvest, depending upon climate, seed type, and soil conditions (winter wheat lies dormant during a winter freeze). Optimal crop management requires that the farmer have a detailed understanding of each stage of development in the growing plants. In particular, spring fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, growth regulators are typically applied only at specific stages of plant development."


starch

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Papermaking is the largest non-food application for starches globally, consuming millions of metric tons annually.[6] In a typical sheet of copy paper for instance, the starch content may be as high as 8%. Both chemically modified and unmodified starches are used in papermaking. In the wet part of the papermaking process, generally called the "wet-end", the starches used are cationic and have a positive charge bound to the starch polymer. These starch derivatives associate with the anionic or negatively charged paper fibers / cellulose and inorganic fillers."

"Corrugated board adhesives are the next largest application of non-food starches globally."

Starch is used in the manufacture of various adhesives or glues[22] for book-binding, wallpaper adhesives, paper sack production, tube winding, gummed paper, envelope adhesives, school glues and bottle labeling. Starch derivatives, such as yellow dextrins, can be modified by addition of some chemicals to form a hard glue for paper work; some of those forms use borax or soda ash, which are mixed with the starch solution at 50–70 °C to create a very good adhesive. Sodium silicate can be added to reinforce these formulae.

Starch is also used to make some packing peanuts, and some drop ceiling tiles.
Textile chemicals from starch are used to reduce breaking of yarns during weaving; the warp yarns are sized. Starch is mainly used to size cotton based yarns. Modified starch is also used as textile printing thickener.
In the printing industry, food grade starch[23] is used in the manufacture of anti-set-off spray powder used to separate printed sheets of paper to avoid wet ink being set off.
Starch is used to produce various bioplastics, synthetic polymers that are biodegradable. An example is polylactic acid.
For body powder, powdered corn starch is used as a substitute for talcum powder, and similarly in other health and beauty products.
In oil exploration, starch is used to adjust the viscosity of drilling fluid, which is used to lubricate the drill head and suspend the grinding residue in petroleum extraction.
Glucose from starch can be further fermented to biofuel corn ethanol using the so-called wet milling process. Today most bioethanol production plants use the dry milling process to ferment corn or other feedstock directly to ethanol.[24]
Hydrogen production can use starch as the raw material, using enzymes.[25]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Acrylamide has been found to occur in many cooked starchy foods and is of concern as a possible carcinogen.[10] Acrylamide was accidentally discovered in foods in April 2002 by scientists in Sweden when they found the chemical in starchy foods, such as potato chips, French fries, and bread that had been heated (production of acrylamide in the heating process was shown to be temperature-dependent).[10] It was not found in food that had been boiled[10][11] or in foods that were not heated.[10]

Acrylamide levels appear to rise as food is heated for longer periods of time. Though researchers are still unsure of the precise mechanisms by which acrylamide forms in foods, many[12] believe it is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction. In fried or baked goods, acrylamide may be produced by the reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars (fructose, glucose, etc.) or reactive carbonyls at temperatures above 120 °C (248 °F).[13][14]"

"Although acrylamide has known toxic effects on the nervous system and on fertility, a June 2002 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization concluded the intake level required to observe neuropathy (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) was 500 times higher than the average dietary intake of acrylamide (1 ?g/kg body weight/day). For effects on fertility, the level is 2,000 times higher than the average intake.[22]"

"Acrylamide causes cancer in rats when administered orally in high-dose experiments, increasing tumors in the nervous system, oral cavity, peritoneum, thyroid gland, mammary gland, uterus, and clitoris.[23] There is a margin of 900-fold between the dose that gave cancer to 10% of rats and human exposure to acrylamide in the diet.[24]

To determine the human cancer risk from acrylamide, several studies have been conducted using food frequency data to estimate acrylamide intake and its effect on cancer risk. A Swedish study using 1,525 patients failed to find a link between acrylamide in food and liver, kidney and bowel cancers.[25] A larger Swedish study on 45,306 men also found no link between dietary intake of acrylamide and risk for colorectal cancer.[26] A large Italian study covering 1991–2000 in Italy and Switzerland analyzed the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, larynx, large bowel, breast, and ovaries from consumption of fried/baked potatoes, and found no association.[27] A 2005 study of 43,404 Swedish women in the Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort found that the women’s greatest sources of acrylamide were from coffee (54% of intake), fried potatoes (12% of intake), and crisp bread (9% of intake), but found no association between breast cancer risk and higher intake of any specific foods.[17] A 2009 Swedish follow-up study on 61,433 women also found no association between long-term dietary acrylamide intake and breast cancer.[28] Another 2009 study on 90,628 premenopausal women in the United States also found no relationship between dietary acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk.[29] A Dutch study on 62,573 women aged 55–69 years did find a link between acrylamide intake and increased risks of postmenopausal endometrial and ovarian cancer after adjusting for smoking, but not with breast cancer.[30]"

"Another large non-food starch application is in the construction industry, where starch is used in the gypsum wall board manufacturing process. Chemically modified or unmodified starches are added to the stucco containing primarily gypsum. Top and bottom heavyweight sheets of paper are applied to the formulation, and the process is allowed to heat and cure to form the eventual rigid wall board. The starches act as a glue for the cured gypsum rock with the paper covering, and also provide rigidity to the board.



rice

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen.[27] There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA. Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas.[28] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit.[29] China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.[30]

White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice, had higher levels of arsenic, possibly because of past use of arsenic based pesticides to control cotton weevils.[31]"

"Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4–60 °C (39–140 °F). When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production.[33] One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). Among the six largest rice producers, the most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare.[64] At 44 million hectares, India had the largest farm area under rice production in 2009. The rice farm productivity in India were about 45% of the rice farm productivity in China, and about 60% of the rice farm productivity in Indonesia. If India could adopt the farming knowledge and technology in use in China and Indonesia, India could produce an additional 100 million tonnes of rice, enough staple food for about 400 million people every year, and US$50 billion in additional annual income to its rice farmers (adjusted to 2010 dollars and global rice prices per tonne). In the 1990s, genetic studies took place in many European laboratories to increase rice production per hectare. "

CONTINUATION. "CULTURAL FOODS" TO AVOID



GMO foods

[en.wikipedia.org]

Horizontal gene transfer

"The risk of horizontal gene transfer between plants and animals is very low and in most cases with GM crops this is expected to be lower than background rates.[59] Two studies on the possible effects of giving genetically modified feed to animals found no residues of recombinant DNA or novel proteins have been found in any organ or tissue samples obtained from animals fed with GMP plants.[60][61] Studies have found DNA from the M13 virus, Green fluorescent protein and Rubisco genes in the blood and tissue of animals[62][63] and in 2012 a paper showed that a specific microRNA from rice could be found at very low quantities in human and animal serum.[64]

Of particular concern is that the antibiotic resistance gene commonly used as a genetic markers in transgenic crops could be transferred to harmful bacteria, creating superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics.[65] In 2004 a study involving human volunteers was conducted to see if the transgene from GM soy would transfer to the bacteria that naturally lives in the human gut. As of 2012 it is the only human feeding study conducted with genetically modified food. The transgene was only detected in three volunteers, part of seven who had previously had their large intestines removed for medical reasons. As this gene transfer did not increase after the consumption of GM soy, the researchers concluded that gene transfer did not occur during the experiment. In volunteers with complete digestive tracts, the transgene did not survive passage through intact gastrointestinal tract.[66] The antibiotic genes used in genetic engineering are already found in many natural pathogens,[67] commonly used during animal husbandry[67] and not widely used prescribed.[68]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"There have been some individual studies published in journals that have suggested negative impacts from eating GM food. The first such peer reviewed paper to be published was in 1999 and covered research conducted by Arpad Pusztai in 1998. Pusztai had fed rats GM potatoes transformed with the Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) gene from the Galanthus (snowdrop) plant, allowing the GNA lectin protein to be synthesised.[89] On June 22, 1998 a short interview was shown on Granada Television's current affairs programme World in Action, with Pusztai saying that rats fed the potatoes had stunted growth and a repressed immune system.[90] A media frenzy resulted and Pusztai was suspended from the Rowett Institute with misconduct procedures used to seize his data and ban him from speaking publicly.[91] The Rowett Institute and the Royal Society reviewed Pusztai's work and concluded that the data did not support his conclusions.[92][93] When his work was eventually published in The Lancet it reported significant differences in the thickness of the gut epithelium of rats fed genetically modified potatoes (compared to those fed the control diet), but no differences in growth or immune system function were suggested.[89][94] The published paper was criticised on the grounds that the unmodified potatoes were not a fair control diet, and that any rats fed only on potatoes will suffer from a protein deficiency.[95] Pusztai responded to these criticisms by stating that all the diets had the same protein and energy content and that the food intake of all rats was the same.[94] The incident became known as the Pusztai affair.[96]

In 2007, 2009, and 2011 Gilles-Éric Séralini published re-analysis studies that used data from Monsanto rat feeding experiments for three GM maize varieties (insect resistant MON 863 and MON 810, and the glyphosate resistance NK603). He concluded that they had actually caused liver, kidney, and heart damage in the rats.[97][98][99] The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed the data and concluded that the small differences were all within the normal range for control rats.[100] The EFSA review also stated that the statistical methods used were incorrect.[101][102][103] The EFSA conclusions were supported by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ),[104][105][106] a panel of independent toxicologists funded by Monsanto[107] and the French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee (HC.[108]

In 2012 the Séralini lab published a paper that looked at the long term effects of feeding rats various levels of GM roundup resistance maize, maize spiked with the roundup chemical and a mixture of the two.[109] The paper concluded that rats fed GM maize had an increased incidence of cancer.[109] Once published, there was widespread criticism of the study. Séralini held a press conference just before the paper was released; he allowed reporters access to the paper before his press conference only if they signed a confidentiality agreement under which they could not get other scientists' responses to the paper.[110] This method of announcing the research met with strong criticism from scientists and some journalists as it excluded critical commentary in the breaking stories.[111][112][113][114] Many claimed that Séralini's conclusions were impossible to justify given the statistical power of the study and that Sprague-Dawley rats were not appropriate for a lifetime study (as opposed to a shorter toxicity study) because these rats have a high tendency to get cancer over their lifespan (one study found over 80% got cancer under normal conditions).[115][116][117][118] For a similar study the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines recommend using 65 rats per experiment, not 10.[117][118][119] Questions were also raised about the statistical method chosen to analyse the data[120] and the lack of data regarding the amount of food fed to the rats and their growth rates.[121][122] Other criticisms included the lack of a dose–response relationship (females fed three times the dose showed a decreased number of tumours)[123] and no identifiable mechanism for the increase in tumours.[124] Six French national academies of science issued an unprecedented joint statement condemning the study and the journal that published it.[125] Food and Chemical Toxicology published 17 letters to the editor that expressed strong criticism of the Seralini paper.[126] National food safety and regulatory agencies also reviewed the paper and dismissed it.[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134]

A 2011 study, the first to evaluate the correlation between maternal and fetal exposure to Bt toxin produced in genetically modified maize and to determine exposure levels of the pesticides and their metabolites, reported the presence of pesticides associated with GM foods in both non-pregnant women and pregnant women and their fetuses.[135][136] The paper and the media reports around it were criticized for overstating the results.[137][138] FSANZ took the unusual step of posting a direct response, saying that the suitability of the ELISA assay method for detecting the Cry1Ab protein was not validated and that there was no evidence that that GM food was the source of the protein. They also suggested that even if the protein was detected it was more likely to come from conventional or organic sources.[139]"


virus

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: viruses with a DNA genome, such as adenovirus, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause cancers, as can retroviruses having both DNA and RNA genomes (Human T-lymphotropic virus and hepatitis B virus, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA virus but also has a retroviral replication component). In many cases, tumor viruses do not cause cancer in their native hosts but only in dead-end species. For example, adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans but are instead responsible for colds, conjunctivitis and other acute illnesses. They only become tumorigenic when infected into certain rodent species, such as Syrian hamsters. Some viruses are tumorigenic when they infect a cell and persist as circular episomes or plasmids, replicating separately from host cell DNA (Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). Other viruses are only carcinogenic when they integrate into the host cell genome as part of a biological accident, such as polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The main viruses associated with human cancers are human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human T-lymphotropic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Experimental and epidemiological data imply a causative role for viruses and they appear to be the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco usage.[22] The mode of virally induced tumors can be divided into two, acutely transforming or slowly transforming. In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v-onc is expressed. In contrast, in slowly transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of retroviruses, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome. The viral promoter or other transcription regulation elements in turn cause overexpression of that proto-oncogene, which in turn induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto-oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto-oncogene is low, slowly transforming viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely transforming viruses, which already carry the viral oncogene.

Hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C, can induce a chronic viral infection that leads to liver cancer in 0.47% of hepatitis B patients per year (especially in Asia, less so in North America), and in 1.4% of hepatitis C carriers per year. Liver cirrhosis, whether from chronic viral hepatitis infection or alcoholism, is associated with the development of liver cancer, and the combination of cirrhosis and viral hepatitis presents the highest risk of liver cancer development. Worldwide, liver cancer is one of the most common, and most deadly, cancers due to a huge burden of viral hepatitis transmission and disease."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The retrovirus begins the journey into a host cell by attaching a surface glycoprotein to the cell's plasma membrane receptor. Once inside the cell, the retrovirus goes through reverse transcription in the cytoplasm and generates a double-stranded DNA copy of the RNA genome. Reverse transcription also produces identical structures known as long terminal repeats (LTRs). Long terminal repeats are at the ends of the DNA strands and regulates viral gene expression. The viral DNA is then translocated into the nucleus where one strand of the retroviral genome is put into the chromosomal DNA by the help of the virion intergrase. At this point the retrovirus is referred to as provirus. Once in the chromosomal DNA, the provirus is transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II. The transcription leads to the splicing and full-length mRNAs and full-length progeny virion RNA. The virion protein and progeny RNA assemble in the cytoplasm and leave the cell, whereas the other copies send translated viral messages in the cytoplasm"



pesticides

[en.wikipedia.org]

"In Europe, recent EU legislation has been approved banning the use of highly toxic pesticides including those that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction, those that are endocrine-disrupting, and those that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPv.[citation needed] Measures were approved to improve the general safety of pesticides across all EU member states.[51]

Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries.[52] The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002.[53] The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.[4]

Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission[citation needed]. The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries.[54] Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.[54]

Pesticide safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use.[13] Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico.[19] IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset.[55] New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides.[52] Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations.[59][60] These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.[61][62]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in workers who are exposed.[26] Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer.[27] A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased.[28] Strong evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,[29] and neurodevelopmental disorder.[30]"

"The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die.[19] According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly.[31]

One study found pesticide self-poisoning the method of choice in one third of suicides worldwide, and recommended, among other things, more restrictions on the types of pesticides that are most harmful to humans.[32]"

CONTINUATION. "CULTURAL FOODS" TO AVOID



artificial sweeteners

[simple.wikipedia.org]

"Studies done with animals have shown that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain. A sweet taste causes insulin to be produced. This will store some of the sugar in the blood in tissues, including fat. With artificial sweeteners, the amount of sugar in the blood does not increase. This means that there will be too little sugar in the blood. This is known as hypoglycemia. On the next meal, more food will be eaten to get the blood sugar level back to normal values. After a while, rats given sweeteners have steadily increased the amount of calories. This increased body weight, and adiposity (fatness)."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Being able to produce its own insulin makes cancer different from normal cells, but there is a second abnormality that insulin highlights. Every cell in the body has insulin receptors on the outer surface of its membrane, from 100-100,000 receptors per cell. But cancer cells have a much higher concentration of receptors. Breast cancer cells, for example, have six times more insulin receptors and ten times more IGF receptors per cell than normal cells. As an added boost, insulin is able to react with its own receptors and is also able to cross-react with and activate the IGF receptors on cancer cells. This means that insulin will affect cancer cells sixteen times as strongly as it affects normal tissues.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Something else to take into consideration is that ligand effect is a function of receptor concentration. In a particular tissue, the more receptors there are for a certain ligand – such as insulin – the greater the effect of that ligand on that tissue."

"Not only does insulin provide cancer cells with the means to grow it has also been proven that IGFs are the most potent mitogen - promoter of cell division - for cancer growth.[citation needed]"

*SPECIAL note added by Panchito: fructose, unlike glucose or artificial sweeteners, does not stimulate insulin secretion. And fructose enters the cellular membrane by diffusion (no need for insulin). Complex carbohydrates (potatoes, rice, etc) do stimulate insulin secretion


coloring agents

[simple.wikipedia.org]

"In the past, research has not shown any link between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and food dyes.[4][5] Newer studies show that synthetic preservatives and artificial coloring agents can make the syptoms of ADD and ADHD worse. [6][7] The older studies were inclonclusive on this point, perhaps because the clinical methods of measuring this behavior were inappropriate. Parents' reports of food additives proved to be better indicators whether additives were present than clinical tests.[8] Several major studies show academic performance increased and disciplinary problems decreased in large non-ADD student populations when artificial ingredients and artificial coloring were eliminated from school food programs.[9][10]

Norway banned all products containing coal tar and coal tar derivatives in 1978. New legislation lifted this ban in 2001 after EU regulations. As such, many FD&C approved colorings have been banned.
Tartrazine causes hives in less than 0.01% of those exposed to it
Erythrosine is linked to thyroid tumors in rats.[11]
"



fruits and vegetables as anti mutagents

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Mutagen causes changes to the DNA that can affect the transcription and replication of the DNA, which in severe cases can lead to cell death. The mutagen produces mutations in the DNA, and deleterious mutation can result in aberrant, impaired or loss of function for a particular gene, and accumulation of mutations may lead to cancer."

"Mutagens may be of physical, chemical or biological origin. They may act directly on the DNA, causing direct damage to the DNA, and most often result in replication error. Some however may act on the replication mechanism and chromosomal partition. Many mutagens are not mutagenic by themselves, but can form mutagenic metabolites through cellular processes. Such mutagens are called promutagens"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Antioxidants are important groups of anticarcinogenic compounds that may help remove ROS or potentially harmful chemicals. These may be found naturally in fruits and vegetables.[26] Example of antioxidants are vitamin A and its carotenoid precursors, vitamin C, vitamin E, polyphenols, and various other compounds. ?-Carotene is the red-orange colored compounds found in vegetables like carrots and tomatoes. Vitamin C may prevent some cancers by inhibiting the formation of mutagenic N-nitroso compounds (nitrosamine). Flavonoids such as EGCG in green tea have also been shown to be effective antioxidants and may have anti-cancer properties. Epidemiological studies indicate that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is associated with lower incidence of some cancers and longer life expectancy,[27] however, the effectiveness of antioxidant supplements in cancer prevention in general is still the subject of some debate.[27][28]

Other chemicals may reduce mutagenesis via other mechanisms, although for some the precise mechanism for their protective property may not be certain. Selenium, which is present as a micronutrient in vegetable, is a component of selenoproteins which are important antioxidant enzymes such as gluthathione peroxidase. Many phytonutrients may counter effect of mutagens, for example, sulforaphane in vegetables such as broccoli has been shown to be protective against prostate cancer.[29] Others that may be effective against cancer include indole-3-carbinol from cruciferous vegetables and resveratrol from red wine.[30]

An effective precautionary measure an individual can undertake to protect themselves is by limiting exposure to mutagens such as UV radiations and tobacco smoke. In Australia where people with pale skin are often exposed to strong sunlight, melanoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in people aged 15–44 years.[31][32] In 1981, human epidemiological analysis by Richard Doll and Richard Peto indicated that smoking caused 30% of cancers in the US.[33] Doll and Peto also estimated that diet may cause perhaps around 35% of cancers. Mutagens identified in food include mycotoxins from food contaminated with fungal growths, such as aflatoxins which may be present in contaminated peanuts (prevalent in Southern China) and corn, heterocyclic amines generated in meat when cooked at high temperature, PAHs in charred meat and smoked fish, as well as in oils, fats, bread, and cereal,[34] and nitrosamines generated from nitrites used as food preservatives in cured meat such as bacon (ascobate, which is added to cured meat, however, reduces nitrosamine formation).[26] Excessive alcohol consumption has also been linked to carcinogenesis, the possible mechanisms for its carcinogenicity include formation of acetaldehyde which may be mutagenic, and the induction of cytochrome P450 system which is known to produce mutagenic compounds from promutagens.[35]"



Edited 2 time(s). Last edit at 02/22/2013 06:25PM by Panchito.

Below are links to help understand how many alternative methods are available.
Or maybe you have a suggestion of an innovative new grass roots alternative method of "removing" illness, your suggestions are welcomed and encouraged.

My father juiced his way back to health after being diagnosed with Stage 4 Liver Cancer and given 6 months to die. He also used the essiac tea in the links provided below. If you have been diagnosed with the "C" Health Challenge Start on Raw living and food juices SOONER rather than later. TOO Many times, time is not on the person with the health challenge's side.

We want to share the wealth of what we know with everyone looking for options outside the "medical" box.
Thank you and Here's to Your Health! Enjoy these links and be sure to investigate all the information-your health depends on it!
Want to know what foods promote health and vitality? Click for a PDF Chart: [www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.faim.org]
[www.blacksalveindonesia.org] (this is graphic-yet amazing)
[www.curenaturalicancro.com] (Dr. Tullio Simoncini and his success with Sodium Bicarbonate)
[www.davidicke.com]
[www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.livingfoodvillage.com]
[www.tower.com] (this is my friend and Mentor's book, Lalita equates candida, fungus and yeast to all dis-eases known to man and strictly follows the Dr. Ann Wigmore Program)
Here's to Your Health!
Our Facebook page:
[www.facebook.com]

Balancing Mind, Body and Spirit with Love, Light and Health,
Kelly Vaccarelli
www.LivingFoodVillage.com
www.facebook.com/livingrawfoodvillage

thanks RaysofLight!

citrus fruits, red onion, parsley

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The widespread distribution of flavonoids, their variety and their relatively low toxicity compared to other active plant compounds (for instance alkaloids) mean that many animals, including humans, ingest significant quantities in their diet. Preliminary research indicates that flavonoids may modify allergens, viruses, and carcinogens, and so may be biological "response modifiers". In vitro studies show that flavonoids also have anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory,[6] anti-microbial,[7][8] anti-cancer,[9] and anti-diarrheal activities.[10]"

"Flavonoids might induce mechanisms that affect cancer cells and inhibit tumor invasion.[15] In preliminary studies, UCLA cancer researchers proposed that smokers who ate foods containing certain flavonoids, such as the flavan-3-ols (catechins) found in strawberries and green and black teas, kaempferol from brussel sprouts and apples, and quercetin from beans, onions and apples, may have reduced risk of developing lung cancer.[16]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Good sources of flavonoids include all citrus fruits, berries, ginkgo biloba, onions[29][30] (particularly red onion[31]), parsley,[32] pulses,[33] tea (especially white and green tea), red wine, seabuckthorn, and dark chocolate (with a cocoa content of seventy percent or greater)."



brocolli, cabbage, cauliflower

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Consumption of broccoli sprouts has shown to be potentially effective at inhibiting Helicobacter pylori growth,[2][3] with sulforaphane being at least one of the active agents.[4][2]

Sulforaphane and dietary consumption of cruciferous vegetables are known to affect the action of drug-metabolizing enzymes in vitro and in preliminary human studies.[5] Although no side effects or direct drug interactions have been reported as of 2008, people taking prescription drugs are advised to consult a doctor before taking sulforaphane or broccoli-sprout extracts.

The possible anticancer activity of sulforaphane may be related to the induction of phase-II enzymes of xenobiotic transformation (such as quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase), and enhancing the transcription of tumor suppressor proteins, possibly via inhibitory effects on histone deacetylase.[6]

Sulforaphane and diindolylmethane (another compound from Brassica vegetables) inhibit cancer growth in vitro and in experimental animals.[7] Sulforaphane downregulated the Wnt/beta-catenin self-renewal pathway in breast cancer stem cells.[7]

When applied topically, sulforaphane may protect skin against UV radiation damage, and thus potentially against cancer.[8] Sulforaphane may inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity.[9][10][unreliable medical source?]

Preliminary experiments indicate sulforaphane may protect the heart from vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.[11]"



pickles, pickled vegetables

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving food by anaerobic fermentation in brine to produce lactic acid, or marinating and storing it in an acid solution, usually vinegar (acetic acid). The resulting food is called a pickle. This procedure gives the food a salty or sour taste."

[en.wikipedia.org]

"The World Health Organization has listed pickled vegetables as a possible carcinogen and the British Journal of Cancer released an online 2009 review of research on pickles as increasing the risks of esophageal cancer. The report cites increases of cancer by about 100% in Chinese areas relying on pickled vegetables for nutrition. Results from the research are described as having "high heterogeneity" and suggested that further studies were necessary. However, their results stated "The majority of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant association between consuming pickled vegetables and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".[9]"

esophageal cancer

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Risk appears to be less in patients using aspirin or related drugs (NSAIDs).[17]
The role of Helicobacter pylori in progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma is still uncertain, but, on the basis of population data, it may carry a protective effect.[18][19] It is postulated that H. pylori induces chronic gastritis, which is a risk factor for reflux, which in turn is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma.[20]

According to the National Cancer Institute, "diets high in cruciferous (cabbage, broccoli/broccolini, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) and green and yellow vegetables and fruits are associated with a decreased risk of esophageal cancer."[21]
Moderate coffee consumption is associated with a decreased risk.[22]"



oropharyngeal cancer

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Following are the risk factors that can increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer. [4]

Smoking and chewing tobacco.
Heavy alcohol use.
A diet low in fruits and vegetables.
Chewing betel quid, a stimulant commonly used in parts of Asia.
Being infected with human papilloma virus (HPV).
EBV infection.
plummer-Vinson syndrome.
poor nutrition.
Asbestos exposure.
P53 mutation."



colorectal cancer

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Most colorectal cancers should be preventable, through increased surveillance, improved lifestyle, and, probably, the use of dietary chemopreventative agents[citation needed].
Lifestyle

Current dietary recommendations to prevent colorectal cancer include increasing the consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and reducing the intake of red meat.[22][23] The evidence for fiber and fruits and vegetables however is poor.[23] Physical activity can moderately reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.[24]"



pancreatic cancer

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Risk factors for pancreatic cancer may include:[6][12]

Family history: 5–10% of pancreatic cancer patients have a family history of pancreatic cancer. The genes have not been identified. Pancreatic cancer has been associated with the following syndromes: autosomal recessive ataxia-telangiectasia and autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in the BRCA2 gene and PALB2 gene, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome due to mutations in the STK11 tumor suppressor gene, hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome), familial adenomatous polyposis, and the familial atypical multiple mole melanoma-pancreatic cancer syndrome (FAMMM-PC) due to mutations in the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene.[13][14] There may also be a history of familial pancreatitis.[13]
Age. The risk of developing pancreatic cancer increases with age. Most cases occur after age 60, while cases before age 40 are uncommon.
Smoking. Cigarette smoking has a risk ratio of 1.74 with regard to pancreatic cancer; a decade of nonsmoking after heavy smoking is associated with a risk ratio of 1.2.[15]
Diets low in vegetables and fruits.[16]
Diets high in red meat. Processed meat consumption is positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk, and red meat consumption was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in men.[17]
Diets high in sugar-sweetened drinks (soft drinks).[18] In particular, the common soft drink sweetener fructose has been linked to growth of pancreatic cancer cells.[19]
Obesity[20]
Diabetes mellitus is both risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and, as noted earlier, new onset diabetes can be an early sign of the disease.[clarification needed how much]
Chronic pancreatitis has been linked, but is not known to be causal. The risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with familial pancreatitis is particularly high.
Helicobacter pylori infection[21][22]
Gingivitis or periodontal disease[23]
Partial gastrectomy[24][25]
"
[en.wikipedia.org]

"The ACS recommends keeping a healthy weight, and increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while decreasing red meat intake, although there is no consistent evidence this will prevent or reduce pancreatic cancer specifically.[56][57] In 2006, a large prospective cohort study of over 80,000 subjects failed to prove a definite association.[58] The evidence in support of this lies mostly in small case-control studies.[16]

A long-term study found that people who consumed in the range of 300 to 449 international units (IU) of vitamin D daily had a 43% lower risk of pancreatic cancer than those who took less than 150 IU per day;[59][60] 150 IU is appreciably less than what was then, or is now, recommended.[61] The World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), concluded that there were insufficient studies in pancreatic cancer, and while it found evidence for an inverse association between vitamin D and colorectal cancer to be persuasive, it found evidence for a causal link to be limited, and also found that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were inconclusive.[62] Taking too much vitamin D may be harmful.[61] Poor general diet, obesity, and relative physical inactivity can be risk factors in some cancers, so the role of vitamin D itself is not certain.[63]

B vitamins, such as B12, B6, and folate, can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer when consumed in food, but not when ingested in vitamin tablet form.[64]
Screening"



natural colors of fruits and vegetables

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Fisetin is a flavonol, a structurally distinct chemical substance that belongs to the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It can be found in many plants, where it serves as a colouring agent. "

"Aside from its effects on aging, various in vitro studies have shown fisetin to exert anti-inflammatory,[4][5] anti-carcinogenic,[6][7] and antiviral[8][9][10][11] effects in different lines of culture cells. However, because in vitro experiments do not or only incompletely mimic fisetin metabolism in the body, they may not accurately reflect the actual effects of fisetin in vivo. During absorption through the small intestine and passage through the liver, fisetin and other flavonoids undergo chemical modifications such that their form in circulating blood is different from that in the original dietary source.[12]

Similar to many other flavonoids, such as the structurally related flavonol quercetin, fisetin is a potent antioxidant. Its antioxidative activity may be due to its structural properties[13] as well as to its ability to modulate certain cellular signalling pathways, especially protein kinase and lipid kinase pathways. For example, fisetin has been shown to induce the transcription factor Nrf2,[14] leading to increased expression of several protective and antioxidative genes. In one study of a genetic mouse model of Type 1 diabetes known as the Akita mouse, large oral doses of fisetin were associated with reduced kidney hypertrophy, reduced anxiety, and lower levels of oxidative stress markers.[15] Feeding fisetin to wild-type mice, though, had no apparent effect.[15]"

"Many fruits and vegetables also contain fisetin,[18] including strawberries[15][19] apples,[19] and grapes[19][20]. Fisetin can be extracted from fruit and herbal sources in juices, wines,[21] and infusions such as teas.[20] It is also found in Monocotyledons such as onions.[19] It is also present in Pinopyta species such as the yellow cypress (Callitropsis nootkatensis)."

"Fisetin was, among other flavonoids, found to be a strong topoisomerase inhibitor.[22] This effect may be responsible for both anticarcinogenic and carcinogenic potentials of the substance.[23] As DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, fisetin and other flavonoids may increase risk of infant acute myeloid leukemia, a rare disease.[24]"

persin in avocados

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Persin is a fungicidal toxin present in the avocado.[1] It is generally harmless to humans, but when consumed by domestic animals in large quantities it is dangerous. It has been suggested as a treatment for breast cancer.[2]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Persin has recently been discovered to kill breast cancer cells. It has also been shown to enhance the effect of the breast cancer fighting drug tamoxifen. This could potentially reduce the necessary dosage of current cancer drugs. Persin is however highly insoluble in aqueous solutions and more research will be needed to put it into a soluble tablet form.[4][5]"




canadian health claim #4

[en.wikipedia.org]

"A healthy diet rich in vegetables and fruits may reduce the risk of some types of cancer

"Scientific literature shows that consuming a “variety” of fruits and vegetables is linked with reduction of some cancers. There is insufficient evidence to support any one fruit/vegetable or food constituent with a reduction of cancer occurrence. Fruits and vegetables have a wide range of nutrients and phytochemicals, thus to achieve optimal nutrient levels a variety is recommended. “Some” types of cancer signifies that not all types of cancers are diet related and thus not all types of cancer can be reduced by a dietary change. The statement “may help” eliminates consumer confusion that diet is the only factors in reducing risk of some types of cancers. The wording of this disease reduction health claim cannot be modified in any way. However, words, numbers or signs can be added before or after the claim, provided that they do not change the nature of the claim.[24]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Scientific studies have found a relationship between some cancers and fruit and vegetable intake and are the basis for making it one of Canada’s five Health Claims. Some studies have looked at overall intake of fruits and vegetables and its relationship with certain types of cancer. Other studies have looked at specific nutrients found in certain fruits and vegetables, such as Vitamins, Minerals and antioxidants and their relationship with cancer. A review conducted by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research has concluded that there is a considerable amount of convincing evidence to support the claim suggesting a protective effect of fruits and vegetables against some cancers.[28]

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables are found to have a protective effect and reduce the occurrence of breast cancer. An analysis of 12-case control studies has been conducted in Oxford and found that fruits and vegetables have a consistent protective effect against breast cancer. In particular scholars found that Vitamin C intake had the most statistically significant inverse association with breast cancer. The study concludes that if this relationship represents causality then it is estimated that breast cancer might be prevented in 24% of postmenopausal women and 16% of pre-menopausal women.[29]

There is an established relationship between cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus) and fruit and vegetable consumption. An EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study was conducted during 1992-1998 in which 345,904 people were studied using a dietary questionnaire. During 1998 data was collected and an inverse association was found between fruit and vegetable intake and upper aero-digestive tract cancer occurrence. The large study recommends an increase of fruit and vegetable consumption in order to reduce the risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract.[30]

Some fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants which are also linked with cancer reduction risks. Micronutrient antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, B-carotene, lycopene) neutralize free radicals in the body and thus prevent cell damage and oxidative damage to DNA. The Journal of Internal medicine published a paper in 2007 which reviews 41 studies conducted concerning Vitamin C and Vitamin E and their role in cancer prevention and treatment. Thirty eight studies did show statistically insufficient beneficial effects of Vitamin E and C on cancer patients. Three of the studies show that there are statistically significant beneficial results. Overall, the systemic review of literature does not support the hypothesis that increased intake of Vitamin E and C (in the form of supplements) can help prevent or treat cancer and that more studies need to be done.[31]

A study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute was done on 1300 prostate cancer patients. Overall the risk of prostate cancer was unaffected by receiving dietary supplemental antioxidants. However, the results in smokers show that an increase in Vitamin E and B-carotene are statistically significant and are associated with reduced risk of the disease.[32]

Lycopene is a strong antioxidant found in large quantities in tomatoes as well as other red fruits and vegetables. It is recently been a subject of great research concerning many potential beneficial properties in the human body. There has been some research suggesting that it may reduce the risk of some types of cancer including colorectal, lung and cervical cancer. However, a review done by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2007 looks at 168 research studies and concludes that there is insufficient evidence to support a relationship of lycopene and a reduction of any cancer.[33]

Overall, no single nutrient has been found to reduce the risk of cancer. However, a definite correlation has been found in fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk of cancer, therefore, consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables is recommended. Due to an extensive and conclusive research done in this area, Canada has officially made this a Disease Reduction Health Claim in 1997. However, much more research needs to be done in order to identify which chemicals in fruits and vegetables are responsible for a reduced risk of cancer."



vegetables

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Diets containing recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables may help lower the risk of heart diseases and type 2 diabetes. These diets may also protect against some cancers and decrease bone loss. The potassium provided by both fruits and vegetables may help prevent the formation of kidney stones."



daminozide spray

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Daminozide, also known as Alar, Kylar, B-NINE, DMASA, SADH, or B 995, is a plant growth regulator, a chemical sprayed on fruit to regulate their growth, make their harvest easier, and it keeps the apples from falling off the trees before they are ripe. This makes sure they are red and firm for storage. Alar was first approved for use in the U.S. in 1963, it was primarily used on apples until 1989 when it was voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed banning it based on unacceptably high cancer risks to consumers.[1]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

The campaign to ban Alar

In 1985, concern developed in the U.S. public over the use of Alar on apples, over fears that the residues of the chemical detected in apple juice and applesauce might harm people. The outcry led some manufacturers and supermarket chains to announce they would not accept Alar-treated apples.

The Natural Resources Defense Council had for years urged the EPA to ban daminozide and in a 1989 report, largely using the government's own figures, they reported that on the basis of a two-year peer reviewed study children were at "intolerable risk" from a wide variety of potentially lethal chemicals, including daminozide, that they ingest in legally permissible quantity. By their estimate "the average pre-schooler's exposure was estimated to result in a cancer risk 240 times greater than the cancer risk considered acceptable by E.P.A. following a full lifetime of exposure."[3]

In February, 1989 there was a broadcast by CBS's 60 Minutes highlighting a report by the Natural Resources Defense Council highlighting problems with Alar (daminozide).

This followed years of background work. According to Environmental Working Group:

Prior to 1989, five separate, peer-reviewed studies of Alar and its chemical breakdown product, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), had found a correlation between exposure to the chemicals and cancerous tumors in lab animals. In 1984 and again in 1987, the EPA classified Alar as a probable human carcinogen. In 1986, the American Academy of Pediatrics urged the EPA to ban it. Well before the 60 Minutes broadcast, public concern had already led six national grocery chains and nine major food processors to stop accepting apples treated with Alar. Washington State growers had pledged to voluntarily stop using it (although tests later revealed that many did not). Maine and Massachusetts had banned it outright.[4]

In 1989, following the CBS broadcast, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) decided to ban Alar on the grounds that "long-term exposure" posed "unacceptable risks to public health." However before the EPA's preliminary decision to ban all food uses of Alar went into effect, Uniroyal, the sole manufacturer of Alar, agreed in June 1989 to halt voluntarily all domestic sales of Alar for food uses.[5]

Backlash

Apple growers in Washington filed a libel suit against CBS, NRDC and Fenton Communications, claiming the scare cost them $100 million.[6] The suit was dismissed in 1994.[7]

While Alar has been verified as a human carcinogen, the amount necessary for it to be dangerous may well be extremely high.[8] The lab tests that prompted the scare required an amount of Alar equal to over 5,000 gallons (20,000 L) of apple juice per day.[6] Consumers Union ran its own studies and estimated the human lifetime cancer risk to be 5 per million, as compared to the previously-reported figure of 50 cases per million.[9] Generally, EPA considers lifetime cancer risks in excess of 1 per million to be cause for action.[10]

Elizabeth Whelan and her organization, the American Council on Science and Health (ACSH), which had received $25,000 from Alar's manufacturer,[11] worked to establish a narrative of the Alar episode as a scare. The ACSH claimed that Alar and its breakdown product UDMH had not been shown to be carcinogenic. Whelan's campaign was so effective that today, "Alar scare" is shorthand among news media and food industry professionals for an irrational, emotional public scare based on propaganda rather than facts. There remains disagreement about the appropriateness of the response to Alar, but daminozide is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the EPA and is listed as a known carcinogen under California's Prop 65,[11] while its breakdown product UDMH is listed as Prop 65 carcinogen and IARC classifies it as "possible" carcinogen and EPA as a "probable" carcinogen.[12]"



Polyethylene terephthalate PET liquid containers

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate)), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P, is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. The term polyethylene terephthalate is a source of confusion because this substance, PET, does not contain polyethylene. Thus, the alternate form, poly(ethylene terephthalate), is often used in scholarly journals for the sake of accuracy and clarity.[4]"

[en.wikipedia.org]

"Fruit juice concentrates (for which no guidelines are established), however, that were produced and bottled in PET in the UK were found to contain up to 44.7 µg/L of antimony, well above the EU limits for tap water of 5 µg/L.[13][14]"

14 ^ Borland, Sophie (1. March 2010). "Fruit juice cancer warning as scientists find harmful chemical in 16 drinks". Daily Mail.